BARBAROSSA, KHAIR EDDIN. 



BAHBAULD. ANNA LjETITIA. 



aod rop.inxl with kis f.iithful Turks to Algiers, where he was received 

 with gwat honour, and lodged in Selim'* palace, Hera he soon began 

 to assume the tone of a master, while liU men lived upon the citiseo*. 

 Selim, dissatisfied at this, escaped out of the town and joined hit 

 Arab countrymen inland ; but Horuah enticed him to MI interview, 

 and tavachrrously put him to death ; after which the Turks, baring 

 cued on the forU and gate* of the town, proclaimed Horush SulUn 

 of Algiers. Thii happened in 1516, and wai the beginning of the 

 Turkish dominion over Algiers. Several conspiracies were formed 

 against the uiurped power of Horush, but they all failed, and the con- 

 ]>iratun wore punished with MTcrity. In 1517 a Spaniih armament 

 came into the Bay of Algiers, and landed aome troop*-; but a *torm 

 dispersed the ships, and the men who bad landed were either put to 

 death or taken as slaves. The mulatto king of Tennes al*o attacked 

 Algien by land, but was defeated, and obliged to escape into tho 

 mountain*, and Tennes tubmitted to Horush. 



The next Tictory of Hornsh was over the Arab kin; of Tli>mn, 

 the moat powerful chief in the country. After their king's defeat, the 

 people of Tlemsen cut off bis head, nud opened their gate* to tho 

 conqueror. Horuah now reigned orer the greater part of tho present 

 late of Algiers, and a* far west as the frontiers of the kingdom of 

 Fe*. The Spaniard* of Oran, aUrmed at the rapid success of such an 

 enterprising chief, demanded reinforcements from Spain, and Charles V., 

 in 1218, sent 10,000 men under the Marquis de Comares, with orders 

 to drire Horush out of Tlemsen. Horush was forced to retreat, hoping 

 to reach Algien, but on the banks of the rirer Mailed he was overtaken 

 by the Spaniards, totally defeated, and lost his life, after fighting 

 desperately. Horush, or Btrbarosso, as he is generally called, was 

 forty-four yean of age when he fell, fourteen yean of which he had 

 spent on the coast of Barbary. He left no children. Merciless as he 

 was to hi* enemies or rival*, and totally unprincipled and reckless in 

 the punuit of his ambitious schemes, be was not wantonly cruel. 

 Father Haedo, who was at Algien in the latter part of the same 

 century, render* full justice to Barbarosea's personal qualities. The 

 quality which most distinguished him, and which insured his success, 

 was bis extraordinary activity and rapidity of movements, which 

 surprised his enemies before they were prepared to resist him. 



(Haedo, Topografa e Jliitoria de Aryct; Mariuol, Detcripcion de 

 Africa } Morgan, Hittory of Algien.) 



BARBARO'SSA, KHAIR EDDIN, brother of the preceding. His 

 name was Hadher, but in the course of his successful career he was 

 honoured by Sultan Solyman with the title of Khair Eddin, that ig, 

 the good of the faith.' He is also styled by historians Birbarosaa II., 

 having succeeded his brother in the sovereignty of Algiers, and being 

 known at sea by the same formidable name. On the newa of Horush'* 

 death, the Turks at Algien immediately proclaimed hi* brother. The 

 following year (1519) a new armament from Spain appeared before 

 Algien, put it met with the same fate as the former. Hadher, finding 

 himself insecure on his throne, made an offer of the sovereignty to 

 Selim I., sultan of Constantinople, on condition of being himself 

 appointed pssha or viceroy, and of receiving a reinforcement of troops 

 from the sultan. Selim accepted the offer, and sent him in 1519 hi* 

 finnaun of appointment as pasha or regent of Algiers, and a body of 

 2000 janissaries. From that time Algien became subject to the high 

 dominion of the Porte, and the Turkish supremacy over the natives 

 was firmly established. In 1530, Hadher, after many attempts, took 

 at 1-t-t the little fort on the inland opposite Algiers, and sentenced the 

 Spaniih commander to a cruel death. He then joined the island to 

 the mainland by a mole, which rendered the harbour of Algien safe. 

 In this labour he employed a great number of Christian slaves : he 

 also fortified the town by sea and by land. He mads several expe- 

 ditions inland against the Beduins and Berbers, and against the 

 Spaniard* of Oran : Bona also surrendered to him. Meantime his 

 galleys infested the Mediterranean, and especially the coasts of Spain. 



In 1532, the people of Tunis being dissatisfied with their king, 

 Muley Hassan, invited Barbarossn, who landed at Goletta, drove 

 Hassan away, and took possession of Tunis in the name of Solyman, 

 ultan of the Turks. Solyman, in order to oppose Andrea Doria, 

 whom Charles V. had mad* his admiral, and who was then scouring 

 the MM of the Levant, appointed Barbarossa his < pasha of the sea,' or 



the coast of Italy, passed the Strait of Messina, and, landing on several 

 points of the kingdom of Naples, ravaged the country and carried 

 away an immense booty. He assailed in the night the town of Fondi, 



the walli and plundered it, carrying away the inhabitants as 

 aUvM. Barbarous, returning to Tuni*, was soon after attacked by 

 Charles V. in person, with Admiral Doria, Female Ooniaga. and 

 ohjr captains. Doria took Colette, and Barbara***, shut him*elf up 

 in Tuni*; but the numerous Christian slaves in the town having 

 revolted, he was obliged to escape, and the troops of Charles V. entered 

 T,mi. which was barbarously pillaged. Doria next took Bona, and 

 placed a garrison in it. Barbarossa having reached Algiers, put to sea 

 again in his own galleys, and mad* many prizes off the coast of Spam. 



7 Solyman collected a large force at La Vallona, on the coait of 

 Albania, for the invasion of the kingdom of Naple* ; and llnrbaroesa 

 repairing there with the fleet, lauded part of the troops near Castro, 



in the province of Otranto, took the town, and devastated the country. 

 Disputes broke put soon after between Barbarosu and some Venetian 

 ships of war which were sailing past the Turkish fleet ; and this led to 

 a war between Venice and the Porte, in which Barbarossa attacked 

 Corfu, and ravaged the island, but failed in taking the town. He 

 however plundered several of the islands in the Archipelago. In the 

 following year he sailed to the Adriatic, where the fleets of Char 

 Venice, and the Pope, had assembled at Corfu ; but Barbarossa having 

 retreated to the Gulf of Aria, Doria, in command of the united fleet, 

 did not venture to attack him. This affair has been magnified by the 

 Turkish writer of the 'Tarikh al Othmaniah' ('History of the Otto- 

 mans') into a defeat of Doria by Barbarossa. In the next year. I', ir- 

 barona took by storm Castelnuovo, in the Gulf of Cattaro, where. 1 >n i 

 had left a Spanish garrison, which was all cut to pieces. In l.M- 

 Francis I. of France having made an alliance with Sultan Solyman 

 against Charles V., the Turkish prince sent Barbarossa into the 

 Mediterranean with a fleet of 180 galleys and 10,000 soldiers, tho 

 whole of which force he put at the disposal of the king of France. 

 Barbarossa began by his usual course of devastation against the uuf r 

 lunate kingdom of Naples. He burnt Cotrone, Reggio, and <>th.-r 

 towns, where bis men committed the most horrible excesses, in the 

 presence of the French envoy, who was on board Barbarossa's admiral's 

 ship. Barbarossa subsequently sailed for Marseille, where he was 

 received with great honour by the governor, Count of F.nghien. A 

 French squadron of forty ships having joined the Turks, they sailed 

 on the 5th of August 1513, to attack the town of Nice, which belonged 

 to the Duke of Savoy. Nice was obliged to surrender by capitul.ition, 

 but the castle continued to defend itself until the report of Duria'* 

 approach induced Barbarossa to raise the siege. He however plun.U-r.sl 

 the town in the night, against the articles of the capitulation, burnt 

 part of it, and carried off 5000 of the inhabitants. Soon after, the 

 French and tho Turks quarrelled, and Barbarossa resolved to leave his 

 allies and return to the Levant On his way back he plundered the 

 islands of Elba and Giglio, with thoe of Prooida and Ischia, the coast 

 of Policastro, the island of Lipari, the town of Cariati in Calabria, and 

 other places. Barbarossa returned to Constantinople in 1544 ; and ha 

 does not seem to have gone to sen afterwards. He died in 1546, and 

 was buried at Beshiktaah, near the entrance of the Black Sea, where 

 he had a country-house, and where his tomb was still to bo seen not 

 many yean since. 



BARBAULD, ANNA L^ETITIA, was the oldest child and only 

 daughter of the Rev. John Aikin, D.D., and the sUtor of John Ai'uiu, 

 M.D. Miss Aikin was born on the 20th of June 1743, at the village 

 of Kibworth Harcourt in Leicesterehire, where her father was at that 

 time master of a boys' school She enjoyed the advantage of having 

 in both her parents persons willing and able to assist in developing 

 the natunl talents of their daughter. 



From her childhood Hiss Aikin manifested great quickness of in- 

 tellect At a very early age she acquired such a knowledge of Latin 

 as to be able to read works in that language with advantage, besides 

 which she gained some acquaintance with Greek. The quiet retire- 

 ment of Kibworth Harcourt afforded full opportunity for the indul- 

 gence of this taste, and the removal of her father with his family to 

 the town of Warrington when she was fifteen yean of age, happened 

 soon enough to prevent any bad effects from the seclusion in which 

 her childhood had been passed. Miss Aikin had early shown a taste 

 for poetry, but it was not until the year 1773, when she was thirty 

 yean of age, that she yielded to the purouasions of her brother, and 

 consented to the publication of a selection from her poems. The 

 result fully justified this step, for within the year of its publication 

 four editions of the work were called for. This success at onoa estab- 

 lished her reputation, and Miss Aikiu was induced, al-o in 177:'., 

 to publish a volume in conjunction with her brother, under tho title 

 of ' Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose,' by J. and A. L. Aikin ; a work 

 which also met with a favourable reception, and has been frequently 

 reprinted. The respective contributions of the authors have never 

 been distinguished or correctly assigned. 



In 1774 Miss Aikin married the Rev. Rochemont llirb.-uil I, a dis- 

 senting minister, descended from a family of French Protestants, who 

 had taken refuge in England in the reign of Louis XIV. Mr. l:u- 

 bauld was educated in the academy at Warrington, and at the time 

 of hi* marriage had been recently appointed to the charge of a dis- 

 senting congregation at Palgrave in Suffolk, near Dim in Norfolk, 

 where he had announced hi* intention of opening a boarding-xchool 

 for boys. This undertaking proved speedily lucceasful, a rtuult which 

 must in great part be attributed flnt to the reputation and afterward* 

 to the active exertions of Mr*. Barbauld. After a few yean thus 

 devoted, Mrs. Barbauld was solicited to receive several little boys a* 

 her own peculiar pupils ; and among this number may be mentioned 

 I .on! Denman, the late Chief Justice of England, and the lato Sir 

 William Gell. It wa* for the use of these her almost infant scholars 

 that she composed her ' Hymns in Prose for Children.' In 1775 Mr*. 

 Barbauld published a small volume, entitled ' Devotional Pieces, 

 compiled from the Psalms of David, with Thought* on the Devotional 

 Taste, and on Sect* ami fatiblithmente.' About the same time also 

 she wrote that admirable little volume, her ' Early Lemons,' a pub- 

 lication which has ever since been a standard work. At the time of 

 its first appearance there was a multitude of books professedly written 



