523 



BARBERINI. 



BARBOU. 



C26 



for children, but not adapted to the comprehension of a child of very 

 tender age, that was not at tho same time injurious from its folly or 

 puerility. 



The success of the school at Palgrave remained unimpaired, but the 

 unceasing call for mental exertion on the part of the conductors 

 which its duties required, so much injured their health, that after 

 eleven years of unremitted labour an interval of complete relaxation 

 became necessary ; and Mrs. Barbauld accompanied her husband in 

 the autumn of 1785 to Switzerland, and afterwards to the south of 

 France. In the following year they returned to England, and early 

 in 1787 took up their residence at Hampstead, where for several years 

 Mr. Barbauld received a few pupils. 



In 1790 Mrs. Barbauld published an eloquent and indignant address 

 to the successful opposers of the repeal of the Corporation and Test 

 Acts. In the following year was written her poetical epistle to 

 Mr. Wilberforce on the rejection of the bill for abolishing the slave 

 trade. In 1792 she published 'Remarks on Mr. Gilbert Wakefield's 

 Inquiry into the Expediency and Propriety of Public or Social 

 Worship ; ' and in 1793 she produced a work of a kind very unusual 

 for a female a sermon, entitled ' The Sins of Government Sins of the 

 Nation.' In all these works Mrs. Barbauld showed those powers of 

 mind, that ardent love for civil and religious liberty, and that genuine 

 and practical piety by which her whole life was distinguished. In 

 particular her remarks on Mr. Wakefield's ' Inquiry ' may bo noticed 

 as being <me of the best and most eloquent and yet sober appeals in 

 favour of public worship that has ever appeared. 



lu the notice of Dr. Aikin, it is mentioned that his sister supplied 

 several contributions to the ' Evenings at Home." These contributions 

 were fourteen in number ; and they comprise all that Mrs. Barbauld 

 published till 1795, when she superintended an edition of Akenside's 

 'Pleasures of Imagination,' to which she prefixed a critical essay. In 

 1797 she brought out an edition of Collins's 'Odes,' with a similar 

 introduction. 



Mr. Barbauld became, in 1802, pastor of a Unitarian congregation 

 at Newingtou Qreen, and at this time he changed his residence to 

 Stoke Newington. In 1804 Mrs. Barbauld published a selection of the 

 papers contained in the 'Spectator,' 'Guardian,' 'Tatler,' and 'Free- 

 holder,' with a preliminary essay, which has been much admired for 

 its elegance and acuteness. In the same year Mrs. Barbauld prepared 

 for publication a selection from the correspondence of Richardson the 

 novelist, prefixing a biographical notice of him and a critical examina- 

 tion of his works. 



About this time Mrs. Barbauld's husband, to whom she had been 

 united for more than thirty years, fell into a state of nervous weakness, 

 and at last died in November 1808. From the dejection occasioned 

 by this loss Mrs. Barbauld sought relief in literary occupation, and 

 undertook the task of editing a collection of the ' British Novelists,' 

 which was published in 1810. To these volumes she contributed an 

 introductory essay, and furnished biographical and critical notices 

 of the life and writings of each author. In the next year she composed 

 and published the longest and most highly-finished of her poems, 

 entitled ' Eighteen Hundred and Eleven.' It is written throughout 

 with great power and in harmonious language ; its descriptions are 

 characterised by deep feeling and truth, and its warnings are conveyed 

 with an earnestness which is the best evidence of the sincerity of the 

 author. 



Although arrived at years which are assigned as the natural limit to 

 human life, Mrs. Barbauld's fancy was still bright, and she continued 

 to give evidence, by occasional compositions, of the unimpaired energy 

 of her mind. Her spirits were greatly tried during the latter years of 

 her life by the loss of her brother, who died in 1822, and of several 

 cherished companions of early days who quickly followed. Her 

 constitution, naturally excellent, slowly gave way under an asthmatic 

 complaint; and on the 9th of March 1825, after only a few days of 

 serious illness, she died, in the eighty-second year of her age. Her 

 collected works, with a memoir prefixed, were published by her niece, 

 Mrs. Lucy Aikin, shortly after her decease. 



BARBERI'NI, an Italian family, originally from Florence, which 

 was raised to a high rank among the Roman nobility in consequence 

 of the elevation of one of its members, Cardinal Maffeo Barberino, to 

 the papal chair in 1623, when he assumed the name of Urban VIII. 

 [URBAN VIII.) Urban had three nephews, two of whom were made 

 cardinals, and the third prefect of Rome. Under the long pontificate 

 nf their uncle tho three brothers Barberini attained great power at 

 Rome, where they held the chief business of the government in their 

 hands ; and they had also considerable influence in foreign courts. They 

 became possessed of tho fief of Palestrina, which had formerly belonged 

 to the Colonna family ; and they aspired also to the possession of the 

 duchy of Castro and Ronciglione, which belonged to the Farnese 

 family, who had received it as a fief from Pope Paul III. This led 

 to a war between the pope and Edward Farnese, duke of Parma, who 

 wa joined by the dukes of Modena and of Tuscany, and by the 

 republic of Venice. Cardinal Antonio Barberini commanded the 

 pnpal troppj, and showed considerable skill and personal courage. In 

 1644 peace was made by the interposition of France, and Castro was 

 restored to the Duke of Parma. After Urban's death in 1644, Inno- 

 cent X., who succeeded him, and who partly owed his elevation to the 

 influence of the two cardinals Bnrberini, instituted proceedings against 



them for peculation and abuse of power daring their uncle's pontifi- 

 cate. The Barberiui took refuge in France, where by Cardinal 

 Mazarin's influence Cardinal Antonio Barberini, the eldest brother, was 

 made archbishop of Rheims and great almoner of France in 1645. 

 In 1652 Innocent X. again admitted the Barberini to his favour, and 

 they returned to Rome, where all judicial proceedings against them 

 were dropped. Lucrezia Barberini, niece of the two cardinals, married, 

 in 1655, Francis I. d'Este, duke of Modena. The Barberini have ever 

 since ranked among the first Roman nobility, several individuals of 

 their name having been successively raised to the rank of cardinals, 

 while the lay representative of the family bears the title of Roman 

 prince, and is possessed of estates at Palestriua, Albano, and in other 

 parts of the Roman state. 



BARBEYRAC, JEAN, an eminent jurist, was born at Beziers in 

 Lower Languedoc, on the 15th of March, 1674. His parents were Cal- 

 vinists, and upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1686 they 

 took up their abode at Lausanne in Switzerland, at which place Bar- 

 beyrac was educated. His taste early led him to historical and j uridical 

 studies, and induced him to attach himself to the faculty of jurispru- 

 dence. In 1697 he became teacher of the belles lettres in the French 

 college at Berne, where he remained about fourteen years. During 

 this period he published, in periodical repositories of France and Hol- 

 land, several small treatises upon subjects connected with natural and 

 international law ; and in 1709 appeared the first edition of his ' Trait 6 

 du Jeu,' which excited much attention, and gave him considerable 

 reputation. A posthumous edition of this work, enlarged and improved, 

 was published at Amsterdam in 1737. This singular book consists of 

 an elaborate aud erudite dissertation, applying at great length the rules 

 of religion, morals, and law, to establish the proposition that play, or 

 games in general, and even playing at games of chance, are not in 

 themselves unlawful occupations. Barbeyrac also published French 

 translations of Puffendorff's ' Abridgment of the Law of Nature and 

 Nations;' and of two discourses of Gerard Noodt, a learned professor 

 of law at Leyden, ' De Jure Summi Imperil et Lege RegiA,' and ' De 

 Religione ab Imperio Jure Gentium Libera ;' all of which were accom- 

 panied with laborious and useful annotations by Barbeyrac. In 1711 

 he was appointed by the Senate of Berne to the chair of law and his- 

 tory, then lately established at the College of Lausanne. His inaugural 

 oration, ' DeDignitate et Utilitate Legis et Historiarum,' was published, 

 at the request of the senate of the college, in the following year. In 

 1713 Barbeyrac became a member of the Royal Society of Sciences at 

 Berlin, and in 1714 he commenced a new version of Grotius's treatise, 

 ' De Jure Belli et Pacis,' with notes, which display much historical 

 research and a profound acquaintance with the law of nations. By 

 this work, and also by his edition of Puflendorff, he established his 

 reputation as a jurist throughout Europe ; and in 1717 he accepted an 

 invitation to become professor of law at the University of Groningen. 

 A few years after his establishment at Grouingen he compiled his 

 ' Histoire des Anciens Trait<5s,' consisting of a chronological collection 

 of ancient treaties from the earliest times of which there are any 

 authentic records to the deith of Charlemagne, with full historical 

 notes and illustrations : it was published by him as a supplemental 

 volume to the ' Corps Universel du Droit des Gens,' and appears to bo 

 by far the most useful of his works. He also translated into Froncli 

 Bynkershoek's ' TraitfS du Juge competent des Ambassadeurs.' Bar- 

 beyrac took an active part in a controversy between the Dutch East 

 India Company and certain merchants of Ostend and other parts of 

 the Austrian Netherlands, which was carried on with considerable zeal 

 about the year 1725, in reference to the right of trading to India. 

 Barboyrac in his tract, which is entitled ' Defense du Droit de la 

 Compagnie Hollandoise des Indes Orieutales contre les nouvelles Pre- 

 tensions des Habitans des Pays-bas Autrichiens,' defends the exclusive 

 title of the Dutch Company. Barbeyrac wrote also several tracts and 

 some anorymous pieces inserted in the 'Journal des S9avans' aud other 

 literary periodicals. Three discourses, delivered on academical occa- 

 sions at Lausanne in the years 1714, 1715, and 1716, were also published. 

 Barbeyrac died March 3, 1744. 



BARBOU, the name of a family of printers, who long rendered 

 themselves famous for the correctness as well as elegance of the works 

 which issued from their presses. 



John Barbou, the first of the name who is known, was settled at 

 Lyon, where he printed the works of Clement Marot, in tho Italic 

 letter, in small 8vo, 1539. Hugh Barbou, son of John, left Lyon, aud 

 established himself at Limoges, where, in 1580, he produced a beautiful 

 edition of Cicero's ' Letters to Atticus,' with nots by Simon Dubois 

 lieutenant-general of Limoges. 



The first of the Barbous who settled at Paris was John Joseph, 

 who became a bookseller there in 1704. He died in 1752. His brother 

 Joseph became a bookseller iu 1717, and a printer in 1723. He died 

 in 1737, when his widow succeeded him, but parted with the printing- 

 office in 1750. 



Joseph Gerard Barbou, nephew of the two Barbous last-mentioned, 

 who became a bookseller in 1746, took iu 1750 the printing-office of 

 his uncle Joseph's widow, and soon after engaged in the series of 

 classics which bears his name, and which was in fact the renewal of a 

 series begun in 1743 by M. Lenglet Dufresnoy, and printed by Cous- 

 telier, as rivals to the classics which had been published at an earlier 

 day by the Elzevirs, though of a size somewhat larger. 



