BARCLAY, WILLIAM. 



BARETTI, JOSEPH. 



the Met, that it* tiU was changed, at one of iU yearly meetings, to 

 A TrMtba on Christian Discipline,' and it became the standard 

 authority on all matters to which it relate*. 



The importance attached by Robert Barclay to the internal order of 

 the body, and bit deair* to preach the gospel (which waa indeed hi* 

 strong motive), induced him to accompany William Peon and George 

 Fox to Rotterdam and Amsterdam, for the purpose of consulting the 

 Friend* in the Netherlands on tome important regulations connected 

 with their system of church government For the promotion of this 

 and other objecta connected with the prosperity of the society, he 

 frequently went to London to attend its annual meetings. Ilia 

 character and connections gate him influence in quarter* where the 

 presence of such a man might be supposed to be least welcome. He 

 was known at court, where he waa well received, and treated with 

 marked respect by Charles IL 



In 1679 Barclay obtained a charter from Charles II. for erecting his 

 lands at Ury into a free barony, with civil and criminal jurisdiction 

 fur him and his heirs, which was afterwards ratified by act of parlia- 

 ment; and this privilege was enjoyed by the family until the tenure 

 of all such grants wss extinguished in Scotland in the reign of 

 Oeorge II. During this year he was again employed in writing in 

 defence of his 'Apology,' and his treatise on 'Discipline' his two 

 chief works. He also wrote two tracts to prove that all war was 

 indefensible one of which was addressed to the ambassadors of the 

 several princes of Europe then assembled at Nimeguen ; to each of 

 whom he forwarded his tract, accompanied with a copy of his principal 

 work. ' An Apology for the True Christian Divinity.' 



In 1682 he waa appointed governor of the province of East Jersey, 

 in North America, by the proprietors, among whom wai his particular 

 friend the Karl of Perth ; but he only availed himself of the power 

 with which he waa invested, of sending a deputy. His two brothers 

 afterwards went to settle there, the youngest of whom died on the 

 passage. The few latter years of Robert Barclay's lire were spent in 

 the quiet of his family. He was in London for the last time in the 

 memorable year of 1638, and as usual paid a visit to James IL Being 

 with the king near a window, James looked out, and observed that 

 the wind was (air for the Prince of Orange to come over. Barclay 

 replied, " It was hard that no expedient could be found to satisfy the 

 people." The king declared he would do anything becoming a gentle- 

 man, except parting with " liberty of conscience, which he never would 

 while he lived." 



Barclay died October 3, 1690, in the forty-second year of his age, 

 leaving three sons and four daughters, all of whom were living fifty 

 years after his death. The hut of them, Mr. David Barclay, a mercer 

 In Cbeapside, is said to have entertained three successive monarchs, 

 Oeorge I., II., III., when they visited the city on Lord Mayor's day. 



The intellectual superiority of Barclay places him at the head of 

 the writers of his sect His works contain the only systematic view 

 of their opinions and principles. In his moral character ho was free 

 from reproach. In all the relations of life, and in his intercourse with 

 the world, he waa conspicuous for the exercise of those virtues which 

 are the best test of right principles, and the most unequivocal proof 

 of their practical influence. 



(Work* of Robert Barclay, 3 vols. 8vo ; Short Account of the Life and 

 H'ntinyi of Robert Barclay ; Jaffray, Diary, by John Barclay, above 

 referred to.) 



BARCLAY, WILLIAM, a civilian, father of the author of 'Argenis,' 

 was born in Aberdeonshire in 1546. In early life ho attached himself 

 to the court of Mary Queen of Scots, but the misfortunes of that 

 princess closing the path to preferment, in 1 573 he emigrated to France. 

 With many other Scotchmen of the period, he studied civil law under 

 Cujaciu* at Bonrges. In 1578 he became professor of law in the then 

 recently-erected university of Ponta-Mouason, of which bis uncle 

 Kdinund Hay was the first rector. In 1600 he published a work in 

 favour of despotic principles, ' De Regno et Regali Potestate, adversus 

 Bucbananum, Brutum, lioucberium, et reliquos Mouarchomachos, 

 Libri Sex.' Having quarrelled with the Jesuits, whom he charged 

 with a design to attach his distinguished son to their order, he resigned 

 his chair in 1603, and proceeded to England. He appears to have 

 expected to find favour with King James. His defence of despotic 

 power suited on* of the leading opinions of this king. A denial of the 

 temporal authority of the pope harmonised with another. On this subject 

 Barclay wrote a book against Bcllarmin, posthumously published by 

 his son in 1609, with the title ' De Poteetate Papa, an et quatenus in 

 Regts et Principe* seoularea Jus et Imperium babeat,' which was sub- 

 sqtMntly translated into Knglinb, It appears however that Barclay's 

 adherence to the Roman Catholic faith interfered with hi* receiving 

 any promotion directly from James. In 1605 be was appointed Dean 

 ao<l Professor of Civil Law at Angers, whore in the same year he pub- 

 lished in 8vo a commentary in the title* of the Pandect* 'De Rebus 

 Credit!*' and 'De Jure-jurando,' dedicated to King James. In the 

 same year be died at Angers. 



BABCXXCHKBAa (Sl.imeon Bar Cochba), the Son of Ike Star, was 

 the title of a false Messiah, who applied to himself the prophecy of 

 Balaam, " There shall come a (tar out of Jacob, and a sceptre shall 

 rise oat of Israel,'' *c. After the pretensions of Bar Cochba ware 

 refuted by UM event, h was called Ben Cociba, Iht Son of Lying. 



Trajan pvnrttttd both the Jews and the Christian*. Hi* animosity 



towards the Jew* was probably increased during bis expedition against 

 the Persians, A.D. 107 ; at least we see that he became more xealous 

 in his persecution about A.D. 108. The oppression experienced by the 

 Jew* stimulated them to rebellious commotion*, and they put to death 

 many thousands of Greeks in Cyprus, Cyrene, and other places, when 

 Trajan removed the legions from these provinces at the commencement 

 of his second expedition against the Parthian*, about 115 and 1 1 >1. It 

 seems that the journey of Rabbi Aquiba, or Akiba, to Mesopotamia 

 was connected with the insurrectionary commotions among the Jews. 

 Aquiba preached the approach of the kingdom of the Messiah, whom 

 he considered to have appeared in the person of Bar Cochba, and in 

 the same year a rebellion broke out in Mesopotamia. Lucius Qui. tu-, 

 having subdued the rebels, was appointed by Trajan governor of 

 Palestine, Many rabbies were executed under the government of 

 Quietus in the north of Palestine, especially in Chalcis. After the 

 death of Trajan in 118, the Emperor Hadrian deprived the ambitious 

 Quietus of his office, and appointed J. Annius Kufus governor in hi 

 stead. This man (whom the Talmudists erroneously call Turnus 

 Kufus, and whom some rabbies style emperor) adopted very harsh 

 measures against the Jews, who consequently began secretly to collect 

 arms. Aquiba, who had declared himself in favour of Bar Cochba, 

 was with many other rabbies cast into prison. Soon after the return 

 of Hadrian from his second journey to the east, about 130, the rebellion 

 broke out Shiineon Bar Cochba gained influence partly by a repu- 

 tation for miraculous powers, and partly by his intrepidity. IIU 

 followers, the number of whom increased rapidly, fortified the sum- 

 mits of various hills and mountains, concealed arm* in caves, com- 

 menced a guerilla warfare against the Romans, and cruelly persecuted 

 the Christians who refused to join them. Bar Cochba took Jerusalem 

 about 132 without difficulty, as the garrison had probably left the town 

 to attack the rebels. He issued coins, having on one side his own 

 name and on the other ' Freedom of Jerusalem.' In tho British 

 Museum is a coin ascribed by some to Simon the Maccabee, corres- 

 ponding to the description given by Tychseu and others of a coin of 

 Bar Cochba. One side of this coin represents a portion of four columns, 

 in the midst of which is a lyre; a serpentine stroke below U naitl to 

 represent the brook of Kidron, and a star seems to allude to Numbers 

 xxiv. 17. The other side bus a vessel of manna and a lent Mu'uter 

 concluded, from a similar coin, that Bar Cochba bad commenced the 

 rebuilding of the temple; but Nicephorus Callist ('Hist. Keel.,' iii. 

 c. 24) and Cedrenus (' Script. Byz.,' xii. p. 249) say only that the Jews 

 intended to rebuild the temple. Rabbi Abraham Ben Dior and other 

 Jewish writers state, but no credit is due to the statement, that after 

 the death of Bar Cochba his sou Turnus succeeded to the throne, and 

 waa himself succeeded by his own eon Romulus. 



The taking of Jerusalem so animated the courage of the friends of 

 liberty, that Kufus waa no longer able to resist them. The rebels 

 occupied 50 fortified places, and 985 villages. 



On this the Emperor Hadrian ordered his most able commander, 

 Julius Severus, to leave his poet in Britain, and repair to Pal 

 but the time which elapsed during his journey was favourable to the 

 rebel*. After his arrival, Julius Severus prudently avoided battle*, 

 but took a number of fortified places before he marched against 

 Jerusalem, which he took and destroyed after sustaining great losses. 

 The Jews, after the capture of the city, concentrated their forces in 

 the mountain-fortress of Bethar, which was probably the same a* 

 Betbaris, in the neighbourhood of Bethrou, on the north-west side of 

 Jerusalem. While Julius Severus was gradually reconquering the 

 country, Bar Cochba (till played tho king in Bethar for three years, 

 and, on the unfounded suspicion of treason, executed the learned 

 Eleozar of Modain, who having prayed for the welfare of the fortress, 

 wss slandered by a Cuthite (that is a Samaritan), as if he intended to 

 betray Bethar to Hadrian. According to Talmudical statements, 

 Bcthar wss taken in 135, by the Romans on the 9th day of the mouth 

 of Ab, the anniversary of the burning of the temple under Titus. It 

 has been stated that on this occasion 580,000 Jews perished ; but 

 this must be greatly exaggerated. Bar Cochba fell in the combat, 

 and his head was brought into the Roman camp. Aquiba, and many 

 rabbies, who were considered authors of the rebellion, were put to a 

 cruel death. [AQUIBA.] 



(Dr. J. M. Jost, AUgemtine Ootchichte dei ftraelituchen VMa, vol. 

 ii., from A.D. 107 to 185; Sepher Juckattn, ed. Cracow, pp. : 

 Seder Iladdoroth, p. 43 ; Ttcmach David, to the year of the Jowinh 

 era 3880, and other Jewish chronographers, who refer to the respec- 

 tive passages of the Talmud* of Babylon and Jerusalem ; Tnuialn* 

 Tatmudictu Babyl. Gittin. fol. 57, apud Job. a Lent, dc Judaorum 

 I'. Mb M: aj 



BARETTI, JOSEPH, was born at Turin on March 22, 1710. His 

 father intended him for the profession of the law, but young Baretti 

 feeling a dislike to it, left his father's house at the age of sixteen, and 

 went to Guastalla, where ho had on uncle, who placed him as a clerk 

 in a commercial house. He applied his leisure hours to literature ; 

 and after a few years he left the counting-house, and went to Milan 

 and Venice, where he became acquainted with Oasparo Gozzi, Pa-ne- 

 roni, Parini, and other literary mtn of that age. At Venice he was 

 employed by a bookseller to translate Corneille's plays into Italian. 

 On hi* return to Turin, in 1747, he wrote a pamphlet against a pro- 

 fessor of that university, of the name of Bartoli; but the pamphlet 



