BARKER, ROiiEKT. 



BARLOW, JOEL. 



were really |Mrfarmed by Mr. Barker almost without any assistance. 

 In 1819, after the publication of fuw parts, the work WM most 

 severely criticised iu the 44th number of the ' Quarterly Review.' 

 Mr. Barker himself maintained that the criticism WM prompted by 

 resentment, and he defended himself against hi* supposed auailaot 

 in an eccentric and desultory work called ' Aristarchus Anti- 



Mr. Barker's merit ai an editor of fUmirtl works was that of the 

 collector, not that of the philosopher, or even the critic; but he earned 

 faithfully, and deserree to obtain without reserve, such praise as may 

 be challenged by unwearied and disinterested labour. No man 

 worked harder than Mr. Barker ; no nun worked with a more single- 

 minded desire for disseminating that which he believed to be valuable 

 knowledge. 



BARKER, ROBERT, born at Hells, in the county of Heath, 

 Ireland, was the inventor and patentee of panoramas. He practised 

 originally as a portrait painter in Dublin and in Edinburgh. The first 

 picture of the kind which he painted was a view of Edinburgh, 

 exhibited in Edinburgh in 1788, and in London in 1789, but with 

 indifferent success. His second panorama was a view of London 

 from the Albion Mills, and it was exhibited, with complete success, in 

 Castle-street, Leicester-square, and afterwards in Germany. He built, 

 and opened in 1793, with a panorama of Spithead, the present 

 (Burford's) panorama exhibition-rooms in Leicester-square, which 

 after his death were for many yean continued by his son, Henry 

 Aston Barker, who fully equalled his father in the game description of 

 painting. Mr. Robert Barker was assisted in many of his panoramas 

 by his son, and by R. R. Reinagle, R.A., from whose sketches moat of 

 his foreign views were painted, as Rome, the Bay of Naples, Florence, 

 Paris, Gibraltar, and the Bay of Algesiras. Nelson's battles of 

 Aboukir and Trafalgar were also among his most popular panoramas. 

 He died in London, in April 1806. 



BARKER, THOMAS, was born near Pontypool, Monmouthshire, 

 in 1769. His father was by profession a barrister, but being a man of 

 desultory and expensive habits, he failed to obtain practice, and, 

 having wasted bis property, he took to painting portraits of hones, 

 Ac. Thomas Barker early imbibed a passion for art ; and some of his 

 drawings so much pleased a Mr. Spackman, a wealthy coach-builder at 

 Bath, where the family then resided, that he took the youth under 

 his protection and kept him for several years in his house, affording 

 him at the same time the means and opportunity of pursuing his 

 artistic studies. When young Barker had arrived at the age of 21, 

 his generous patron sent him to Rome to complete his studies, fur- 

 nishing him with ample funds to maintain himself while there in 

 something like luxury. 



Mr. Barker established himself as an artist in Bath. He painted 

 chic-fly landscapes and rustic figures ; but he occasionally essayed, 

 though with lees success, a more ambitious class of subjects. He 

 speedily obtained popularity and patronage in Bath, and indeed 

 throughout the western and midland counties. He only occasionally 

 sent pictures to the London exhibitions, but his name was well known 

 in the metropolitan art-circles. Perhaps no contemporary painter 

 resident in the provinces (Bird exoepted) gained so wide a measure of 

 celebrity. One of his pictures the Woodman formed one of the 

 most popular engravings of the day ; and the Woodman's well-known 

 figure was reproduced in ruder prints, upon jugs and plates, and nearly 

 every variety of earthenware, upon snuff- and tobacco-boxes, pocket- 

 handkerchiefs, and almost every kind of article upon which a design 

 could be painted or printed. Other* of his designs were also very 

 extensively employed by manufacturers. As a painter, Mr. Barker 

 displayed in his own peculiar walk great originality, a vigorous though 

 somewhat rude style, considerable powers of colouring, and, above all, 

 the art of rendering his intention plainly perceptible to the general 

 spectator, and of impressing the sentiment strongly upon all His 

 walk of art was not the blithest, but his homely story was unaffectedly 

 and forcibly told, and seldom failed to carry its simple lesson along 

 with it 



Mr. Barker always found ample and liberal patronage ; and, having 

 msssrd a fair amount of wealth, he erected for himself a handsome 

 mansion at Sion Hill, Kath, filling iU apartments with a choice col- 

 lection of sculpture, pictures, engravings, and other productions of taste 

 and elegance. Bat the decoration which he specially prised was a Urge 

 fresco, 30 feet long by 12 feet high, which he painted upon the wall uf 

 one of the rooms : it represents *be Inroad of the Turks upon 8cio, 

 in April 1823, and is a most elaborate composition. His friends and 

 ilmirrn describe it as the noblest of bis productions ; but neither the 

 character of his mind nor his training as an artist qualified him for a 

 pointer of history. Mr. Barker died December 11, 1847, hi the 79tb 

 year of his age. 



Mrt-Amnu./, 1S48.) 



HARLAAM. This person would be of very little consequence, but 

 for the fact that he is nearly the last of those who wrote iu Greek on 

 mathematics, and that his work is a curious illustration of the arith- 

 metic which preceded the introduction of algebra and the Indian 

 notation. Bernard of Semlnara in Calabria was born about the end 

 of the 13th century. He took the vows a* a member of the order of 

 St. Basil at an early age, and the name of BarUam at the same time. 

 He travelled to Greece to acquire the language, and resided for some 



time at the court of the emperor Androuious, at Constantinople. He 

 died probably about 1848. 



The mathematical work of Barlnam oonsisU entirely of arithmetic 

 and arithmetical geometry, then culled ' logistic.' It was writt-n in 

 Greek, in six books. The fint book is on the addition and subtraction 

 of fractions ; tho second on their multiplication and division ; the 

 third on the multiplication and division of sexagesimals ; the fourth 

 on operations with surfaces and lines by means of numbers ; the fifth 

 on ratios ; the sixth on numerical data. Delambre has reviewed the 

 third book (' Hist. d'Astrom. Anc.,' v. L p. 320). It altogether gives 

 us but a poor idea of the science of the age, and justifies Delambre's 

 remark, that BarUam must have had more leisure than ingenuity. 



Barlaom is said to have written a work on right-angled triangles ; 

 and there is in the catalogue of De Thou's library the title of a work 

 of his as follows: 'Arithmetic* Demouatratio eorum quao Eucliilea 

 Libro II. in Liueis demonstravit,' (No date or place.) He also wrote 

 in Latin some controversial works. 



BARL^E'US, CASPAR VAN BAERLE, was born at Antwerp, 

 February 12, 1584. His father, who was the town registrar of Ant- 

 werp, left it when it was taken by the Spaniards, and settled in 

 Holland. Caspar studied theology at Leyden, and aftewards took 

 orders. In 1612 he was made sub-regent of the College of Theology 

 at Leyden; and in 1617 professor of logic in that university. Having 

 taken the part of the Arminians against the Gomarists, he was dis- 

 missed from his situation in 1019 ; and he then applied to the study 

 of medicine, in which he received his doctor's degree at Caen in Nor- 

 mandy. In 1631 he was made professor of philosophy and eloquence 

 iu the newly-established University of Amsterdam, where his lectures 

 were greatly applauded. He died at Amsterdam, January 14, 1648. 

 He wrote a number of works, chiefly in Latin : among others, pane- 

 gyrical orations in praise of the great men of his time, Gustavus, 

 Richelieu, Van Tromp, &c. ; several poems, 2 vols. Svo, Amsterdam, 

 1645; an interesting history of Brazil, under the administration of 

 Maurice, count of Nassau, with the following title : ' Reruui per ( icten- 

 nium in Brasilia et alibi nuper g, alarum sub Pncfectura J. Mauritii 

 Naseovuc Comitis, Historia,' fol. Amsterdam, 1647. Among his Latin 

 poems it one called ' Britannia Triurophans,' written on the accession 

 of Charles I. to the throne. His ' EpiatoUe ' were published after his 

 death, two vols. Svo, Amsterdam, 1667. Of his controversial writings 

 we may mention the ' Antiputeanus,' 4to, 1633 ; and the ' Lettres de 

 Vicquefort, aveo lea Re'ponacs de Barlce,' in Latin and French. Accord- 

 ing to the then prevailing fashion among the learned, he latinised his 

 name, Bacrle, into Barlacus. 



BARLOW, FRANCIS, a native of Lincolnshire, in which county 

 he was born about 1626. He received his artistic instruction from a 

 portrait-painter, but his own inclination was for landscapes, birds, 

 fishes, and animals, in which he excelled. As a colouriat he was 

 indifferent ; on which account many of his works appear much better 

 in engravings than as pictures. John Over-ton published twelve print* 

 by Hollar, after Barlow, representing various sport*, of hunting, hawk- 

 ing, and fishing. ISarlow himself likewise engraved ; be etched some 

 of the plates of his own illustrations to Ogilby's translation of .-Esop's 

 ' FablvR,' and also part of the plates in the folio book of poems entitled 

 ' Theophila,' published for Edward Benlow hi 1652. There is also a 

 book of birds by Barlow, engraved by W. Faithorn : ' Diverse) Avium 

 Species sttidiosissimd ad vitatn delineate per Fran. Barlow, iogenio- 

 sissimum Anglum Pictoretn. Guil. Faithorn, excudit, 1658.' 



Barlow was employed by several noblumen and gentlemen to paint 

 ceilings, with hawking subject*, or other scenes of birds on the wing 

 He painted also a few portraits, among them a half-length of <! n. i.il 

 Monk, first duke of Albemorle. Though he was much employed, and 

 bad a considerable sum of money left him by a frieuil, ho died poor 

 in 1702. 



(Wai pole, Anccdota of Painting ; Heineken, l>ictiunnaire da 

 A rtittct, 4a) 



HAKLOW, JOEL, an American author and diplomatist, was born 

 at Reading, Connecticut, about 1755. Ho wan a boy at school when 

 his father died. In 1774 he entered as a student at Yale College, 

 Newhaven, where he displayed such a taste for poetry and talent of 

 versification as introduced him to the particular notice of Dr. Dwight. 

 Having gone through the usual course of study, Barlow in 1778 took 

 the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and at first applied himself to the 

 study of the law. Four of his brothers were in the revolutionary 

 army, and he had himself been present at several skirmishes, and in 

 one of tho severest conflicts that happened during tho war. These 

 circumstances inclined him to listen to the suggestion of some influ- 

 ential friends, who advised him to qualify himself for the office of a 

 chaplain in the. American army. Accordingly, he applied with dili- 

 gence to theological studies for about six weeks, at the end of which 

 he was licensed to preach as a congregational minister, and immediately 

 after repaired to the army. Barlow remained in this situation until 

 the end of the war. In 1781 he married Miss Baldwin of Newhaven. 

 During the progress of the war he had occasionally occupied himself 

 in the composition of patriotic songs and addresses, and had also 

 planned and nearly completed his poem on the discovery and prospects 

 of America. 



When Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the United 

 States, and the American forces were disbanded in 1783, Barlow 



