43 



BAROXIUS, C.E3AR. 



BAKRAS, COUNT DE, 



II* afterwards obtained the rank of chef-de-division, and served as 

 coaamaader of the French squadron in the Wast India*. On hi* 

 rrtarn to France he resigned hi* commission, end received the grant 

 of pension for life, which however he would nrer touch. Return- 

 iag home, he again engaged, with no better MOOS**) than before, in 

 commercial undertakings, and after a time retired to the cultivation of 



When the war between England and America broke out in 1812, 

 Barney immediately fitted oat a prJTaUer, in which he made tome 

 valuable pruea, and wai shortly afterward* appointed by hi* govern- 

 ment to the command of a flotilla, to be employed for the protection 

 of Clissa peats Bay. While engaged in this service, Commodore 

 Barney, finding that a British expedition had landed, and wa* in full 

 march for Washington, left hi* flotilla in charge of hi* lieutenant, and 

 joined the land foroe* with 400 of hi* men. The hoetile force* met 

 at BUdn*burjr, and the American* were obliged to retreat, but owing 

 to a wound which the Commodore had received in the leg, be wa* 

 taken prisoner by General Roe*. Being liberated on hi* parole, he 

 retired to hi* farm, where be received the thank* of the State of 

 Georgia and of the city of Washington. Except being afterward* 

 elected to convey dUpatehee to the American minuter* in Europe, 

 Commodor* Barney'* public life terminated on the field of Bladeoeburg. 

 The wound be had receiTcd on that oooaaion nerer thoroughly healed. 

 Aft-rwardu, when on a journey into Kentucky, he experienced a 

 udden attack of (pauni in the wounded limb, and on the following 

 day, the l*t of December 1818, he died at PitUburg, in the liztieth 

 year of hi* age. 



BARO'Sl US, C.KSAR an eminent eccleaiaitioal writer, and cardinal 

 presbyter of the Roman Church, wa* born Slit October 1538, at Son, 

 an episcopal town of the kingdom of Naples. He received hi* fint 

 education at Veroli. and afterward* (tudied divinity and law at 

 Naples ; but the trouble* of that kingdom induced hi* father to remove 

 him in 1557 to Rome, where he continued thoea *tudie* under ds*ar 

 Costa, afterward* archbishop of Capua. Here he placed himaelf under 

 the discipline of St. Philip de Neri, founder of the congregation of the 

 Oratory, by whom, after he wa* ordained priest, be wa* attached in 

 1584 to the congregation of the church of St. John the Baptist in that 

 city. He continued there till 1576, when he wa* transferred to the 

 church of Santa Maria delta Vallicella. In 1593, St. Philip de Neri, 

 having laid down the office of superior of the congregation of the 

 Oratory, appointed Baroniu* hi* successor; and Pope Clement Till, 

 not only approved the choice, but some time after made Baroniu* hi* 

 confessor, advanced him to the dignity of cardinal, June 5th, 1596, 

 and finally made him librarian of the apostolic see. Upon the death 

 of Clemaut VIIL, in 1605, Baroniu* had thirty vote* in the oonclave 

 for hi* election a* pope, but the Spaniards opposed hi* election on 

 account of hi* treatise 'De Monarchia Sicilian,' in which he had argued 

 against the claim of Spain to that kingdom. Baroniu*'* intense appli- 

 cation to study weakened hi* constitution, and he died at Rome, June 

 80th, 1607, aged sixty-eight years and eight months, aud was interred 

 in the church of Santa Maria della Vallioella, on the 13th of July. 



Baroniu* WM a man of sincere piety, great probity, learning, and 

 extensive reading, who laboured with sucoees in the service of the church 

 to which he belonged, anil in clearing up ecclesiastical antiquity, lie 

 undertook his most celebrated work, his 'Annalcs Ecclesiastic!.' when 

 lie was thirty yean of age, and continued for thirty years collecting 

 and digesting his material*. The first volume of this work, which 

 contains the first century alter Christ, was published in 1588; the 

 tw. Ifth and last, which concludes with the year 1198, was printed in 

 1607, under the pontificate of Paul V. Then twelve volume* contain 

 the history of the twelve fint ages of the church. Baroniua left 

 materials for three Dora volumes, which were used by Rajnaldua 

 (OJorico Kinaldi) in hi* Continuation of Baronios's Annals. 



Mauucbelli enumerates seventeen different works of Baroniu* in 

 print aad twelve in manuscript. But hi* fame nets almost wholly on 

 his 'Annales Ecclesiastic!,' of which numerous edition* have been 

 publUbed : the beat is that by Odorioo Kinaldi, in 10 vola,, foL Lucca, 

 17SM6. followed by an 'Index UniversaUs,' 3 vola. fol. Lucca, 1757-59, 

 and accompanied by ' Annalium Eccleaiasticorum CBS. Baronii Appa- 

 ratus,' 1 voL foL Lucca, 1740, and l.y KiiiaMi's Continuation (' Annul*. 

 KeclesJartkri ab anno MCXCVIII. ubi desinit Cardinal!* Baroniiis'). 

 IS vola. foL 1747-56. An abridgment of Baroniu*'* fint century of 

 hi* Annals (' Ridotti in Compendlo 1 ), by Francesco I'anigarola, appeared 

 in 4to, Yen. 16M, and an abridgment of the whole, in Latin, by Hen. 

 Spoodanus, at Paris, foL 1612, and in numerous sulvequent editions. 

 An epitome of the Annala, in Arabic, wa* published at Rome under the 

 aos{^ of the Propaganda Society, 3 vola. 4U>. 165371. Twoorlhrer 

 Bore abridgments, in other languages, are noticed by Moutuchelli. 



The great work of Barooiu* has been severely criticised by Holstonius, 

 Isaac Csieaubnn, Comber, and others, on account of ite alleged errors 

 and mistakes ; but theee, perhaps, are not more numerous than are to 

 be expected in a work of such great extent. In relation to conlro 

 vendee, be wae always a party writer ; but his work is one of the most 

 useful and important on the "inject, and Haronius is by some styled 

 the father of ecclesiastical history. Besides Rinaldi'a, there are two 

 other continuations of Baronius's Annals : on* to the year 1672, by 

 Rsovioa, vola. foL 1616-72; the other extending to 1639, 2 vols. fol. 

 iv... : I 



BAKRA-S, PAUL FRANCOIS JEAN NICOLAS, COUNT DE. 

 a member of the French Directory, and an important actor in some of 

 the principal event* of the French revolution, was born June 30, 1755, 

 at Lohempoux in Provence. His family was one of the most ancient 

 among the nobility of Provence. In 1775 he entered the army, and 

 sailed for the Isle of France, but the veasel WM wrecked on her passage. 

 Owing partly to the exertions of young Bams, the craw and passengers 

 eventually reached Pondicherry in safety; but this place being shortly 

 after taken by the English, he returned to France. He again returned 

 to India, with Suflrein ; but soon after left that country with tin 

 intention of proceeding to the siege of Gibraltar, but not arriving in 

 time he went to Paris. Hera he expressed himself with so much 

 freedom respecting the conduct of the war in India a* to expose him- 

 self to personal danger, which was only prevented by the exertions of 

 an influential friend. At this period the life of Barras was that of a 

 man of pleasure, and in this career he soon wasted his moderate 

 fortune. The revolution at length commenced, and he immediuU-ly 

 became one of its warmest partisans. He was a member of tho 

 Jacobins' Club from it* commencement, and was engaged in the aflkir 

 of August 10, 1792, which virtually terminated tho existence of the 

 monarchy. Being sent to the National Convention as representative 

 of hi* native department, he voted unconditionally for tho death of 

 Louis XVI. From the Convention he received various public com- 

 missions, in one of which he was engaged in the eouth of France at the 

 time when the English blockaded the town of Toulon. On this place 

 falling into the hand* of the republicans, he was one of the five Con- 

 ventionalists who sat as a commission and carried into effect the 

 frightful orden of the Convention for the proscription and execution 

 of the Touloneae, when more than 400 executions took place. Only 

 he and another member escaped the denunciation* which ito proceed- 

 ings excited on the part of more than 300 of the political clubs with 

 which Franoe was at that time covered. On his return to Paris, 

 Robespierre received him with a sneering compliment on his energy. 

 At this time terror reigned in the capital The Girondists, and even 

 Dan ton, had perished on the revolutionary scaffold ; and Barras wa* 

 determined not to go to the Convention unarmed, where, by the bold- 

 ness of bis character and other considerations, ho was a personage of 

 considerable importance as one among the few opponent* of the 

 terrorists. Robespierre, beginning to feel that his power was on tho 

 decline, meditated a new proscription, and wished to strengthen him- 

 self with tho support of Barras, who however refused, and made 

 known to bis colleagues the proposition of Robespierre, adding, " He 

 is lost in spite of the Jacobins." Finding it impossible to treat with 

 Barras, Robespierre kept aloof from the committees, but after an 

 absence of two months he made his appearance. The celebrated 

 movement of the 9th Thermidor (July 27, 1794) immediately followed. 

 On that day, Barras and souie other deputies presented themselves to 

 the Convention. Tallien denounced Robespierre, whose arrest being 

 decreed, be was sent to prison, from which however he escaped. 

 Heuriot, commander of the Parisian Guard, a creature of Robes- 

 pierre's, marched on the Convention, which, in its imminent peril, 

 named Barras gcneral-in chief, and charged him with its defence. The 

 fate of the day was soon decided ; and Robespierre, with some of his 

 most intimate partisans, was executed. Barras was afterwards 

 charged with the superintendence of the children of Louis XVI., 

 who were confined at the Temple, and his conduct towards them was 

 marked by consideration and kindness. Indeed, after the 9th TiitTini- 

 dor, he displayed great moderation ; and he obtained the erasure of 

 many name* from the list of proscribed emigrants. He was named 

 uoocasirely secretary and president of the National Convention. In 

 his political principles he refrained from committing himself wholly 

 to any of the great contending parties. At the crisis of the 13th 

 Venddmiaire (Octobers, 1795), the Convention again named Barns 

 general-in-chief. The success on this occasion was chiefly owing to 

 Bonaparte, to whom Barras, recollecting bis services at Toulon, had 

 confided the command of the artillery ; and he afterwards obtained 

 for Bonaparte that of the army of Italy. The anarchists being put 

 down by the 13th Venddmiaire, the directoral government was formed, 

 of which Bams was a member. It did not work well ; and the coup 

 ilVut of the 18th Fnictiiior (September 4, 1797) was resolved upon as 

 a means of effecting it* more complete consolidation. For the third 

 time Bums was invested with dictatorial powers, and success again 

 attended his effort*. General Augeraau invested the halls of the 

 legislative councils and arrested the obnoxious member*. [ADOERKAU.] 

 Two memben of the Directory, Barthdemy and Carnot, about forty 

 members of the Legislative Council of Five Hundred, eleven members 

 of the Council of Elders, and other individuals, were ordered to be 

 transported to the swamps of Guiana, where several of them di> -d. 

 Carnot escaped into Germany. The Council of Five Hundred, now 

 remodelled, proposed to get rid in a similar manner of such of the 

 nobility as still remained in the country, but Barns in this instance 

 successfully opposed their wishes. After the affair of the 30th Prairial 

 (May 18, 1799), the legislative councils resumed their independence, 

 curtailed the dictatorial power of the Directory, and obliged throe of 

 the directors to give in their resignation. Barras contrived to n-ni.iin 

 in office, though he bad opposed this movement ; but he and , 

 were united a* to the necessity for overthrowing tho constitution of 

 the year 3, since a new combination of the executive power seemed 



