BARRY, SIR CHARLES. 



HART, JEAN. 



ocas, be went to the summit of Mont Blanc. This WM the sixteenth 

 and Himboldt WM so pirated with the narrative of the adven- 

 i by Barry in 1830, that be personally requested him to 

 his 'Two Attempts to ascend Chimborazo' from German 

 into English. 



Martin Barry ha. the merit of being one of the few physiologist. 

 who devoted their attention to the difficult question of animal develop- 

 ment and embryology. He began by making himself well acquainted 

 with the literature of the subject ; and in the museums and labora- 

 tories) of Wagner, Purkinje, Valentin, and Schwann, he brought his 

 knowledge to UM teat of observation, and acquired that mastery over 

 the microscope which afterwards appeared in the importance and value 

 of his own researches. 



Having published in the ' Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal' 

 for 1S36, a translation of the first part of Valentin's ' Manual of the 

 History of Development,' be commenced his investigation* into the 

 development of the mammalian ovum and embryo, at that time, M 

 truly described, " the darkest part of embryological science." The 

 result*, communicated to the Royal Society of London, were printed 

 in the 'Philosophical Transactions' under the general title of 

 Researches in Embryology.' These, M well M hi* papers ' On the 

 Corpuscle* of the Blood,' ' On the Formation of the Chorum,' ' On 

 Fibre,' Ac., will be found in the 'Philosophical Transactions' from 

 1838 to 1842. The most important the discovery by which be will 

 be best remembered' Spermatozoa found iriMin the Ovum,' appears 

 in the volume for 1843. The Royal Society recognised the value of 

 Berry's researches by awarding him their royal medal in 1839, and 

 denting him a Fellow in the following year. 



The 'Researches in Embryology' exhibit proofs of the author's 

 (kill in the grouping and selection of hi* fact*, and of the perseverance 

 by which they were demonstrated. He explain* the formation of the 

 ovum in the rabbit and dog, and in some of the oviparous vertebrate 

 clsoses from the bird to the fish. Ho determined the order of forma- 

 tion of different put* of the ovum, and the nature and mode of its 

 growth from the oviaac ; and showed that the so-called ' disc of Von 

 liter' contained a retinacula, or peculiar species of mechanism, by 

 which, M he supposed, the passage of the ovum into the Fallopian 

 tube WM regulated. He described the changes that take place in the 

 ovum while on its passage changes before unknown ; and Barry was 

 the first to throw light on thi* interesting process of animal develop 



Not till hi* paper appeared in 1839, wo* it known that the 

 segmentation of the yelk which had been observed in Batrachian rep- 

 tiles, WM also true of mammals. It WM an important discovery ; and 

 not leas so that published in 1840 the penetration of the ovum of 

 the rabbit, by spermatozoa, through an aperture iu the zona pellucid*. 

 This at first WM doubted ; but he confirmed it by further observation 

 in 1843 ; and it WM eventually corroborated by the observations of 

 Nelson and Newport, account* of which arc also published in the 

 Philosophical Transactions ; ' and Professor Bischoff, who had denied 

 the truth of Barry's conclusion*, at hut satisfied himself of their 

 accuracy, and accepted them in full. 



The views expressed by Barry in his paper ' On Fibre,' are disputed 

 by physiologist* He assumed a spiral structure for muscular fibre 

 and other organic tisanes, and brought speculative argument* to bear 

 in favour of his opinions ; but other investigations show one and the 

 other to be falUnioti*, Hi* speculations have however tended to 

 stimulate physiological research. Whatever may have been Barry's 

 f sal hif for "* otrn favourite idea*, hi* character M an amiable and 

 benevolent man i* beyond question. Ample private circumstances 



plsurt him above the need of practising his profession ; and he devoted 

 much of Us time to the poor, chiefly M bouie-eurgeon to the Royal 

 Maternity Hospital in Edinburgh. From 1849 to 1853 be lived on the 

 Continent to recruit bis health and eyesight, both having suffered from 

 long and severs study. At Prague he renewed his examinations of 

 bra conjointly with Purkinje; with what result may be seen in 

 Midler's ' Arohiv.' for 1850. In 1852 be returned to Scotland, suffer- 

 ing much from neuralgia ; and having gone to reside at Beocles, in 

 BuDolk, be died there on the 27th of April, 1855. 



Barry WM a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of the 

 Wencrka and other societim, and the College of Surgeon* in that 

 city. BOOM of his paper* and translations are printed in the ' Edin- 

 burgh New Philosophical Journal,' and other* in the works and 

 periodical* already meutioned. 



UHV. Ml: ( IIARLE8, architect ot the new Houses of Psriia- 

 moot, WM bora at Westminster in 175. Having passed through the 

 ordinary course of scholastic and prof<e*ioo*l education, and made the 

 usual architectural tow of the continent, Mr. Parry entered on hi* 

 career M an architect in London, and soon dutinguis 

 UM grace and finiah of UM structures 



nguished himself by 



erected by him, especially of 



those constructed in the Itelian style, for which he luu always ahown 

 a marked predilection. Of tbeee, that which first attracted general 

 attention WM the Travellers' Clnb-House, Pall Mall, erected in 1832. 

 the garden or Carltoo-Terrace front of which excited great admiration. 



. 



Tnia club-house, the fint of the*. Italian palatial edifices erected in 

 London, ha. been ecUpeed by iu more magnificent neighbour the 

 J - Club-Hone ' 



een yean 

 buildings of its class in London. 



Club-Hones, another of Barry's more important works, erected 



' e of the most 



On* of UM first buildings 



ones, anot 

 fifteen yean later; but UM Travellers' remains one of 



by which Mr. Barry made his professional attainments evident WM the 

 fine gotbio church of St. Peter's at Brighton, yet be has since been 

 called upon to erect fewer churches than most among the more emi- 

 nent of his contemporaries. Of theee may be mentioned, a church at 

 Islington and a chapel in Birmingham. Of the scholastic buildings 

 which Sir Charles haa designed, the very spacious pile known as King 

 Edward's Grammar School, at Birmingham, a really grand and imposing 

 structure in the Tudor collegiate style ; and the New Building*, in the 

 same style, at University College, Oxford, may be particularly noticed. 

 As belonging to this ohus of buildings, the Athenaeum at Manchester 

 may be named M one of the happiest of his Italian designs. The list 

 of private mansions erected or modified by Sir Charles Barry would be 

 of considerable length. It will be enough for our purpose to name 

 the very elegant villa erected for Earl Tankorville at Walton-on- 

 Th.imes as one of his earlier, and Bridge water House, by the Oreen 

 Pork, erected for the Earl of EUeemere, as one of bis latest, and per- 

 haps in nearly all respects the finest M well M the most costly, of hU 

 Italian palatial structures. We may also refer, M remarkable in their way, 

 to the extensive and costly extensions, amounting to much more than 

 a rebuilding, of the Duke of Sutherland's seat at Trentham, Stafford- 

 shire ; the remodelling of the interior of hi* town mansion, Stafford 

 House ; and the enlargement and almost entire reconstruction of the 

 celebrated Clifden House, near Maidenhead, also the property of the 

 Duke of Sutherland. Sir Charles ha* likewise remodelled some well- 

 known public buildings of some among the more eminent of his pre- 

 decessors ; and that his alterations have really in some instances been 

 improvements, a reference to the Treasury Buildings at Whitehall, 

 originally erected by Sir John Soane, will suffice to show. But im- 

 portant as many of these works are, that by which the architectural 

 rank of Sir Charles Barry will be finally determined is the new Palace 

 of Westminster, the largest, most important, and by for the most 

 costly edifice which has been erected in this country for centuries. 

 The old House* of Parliament were destroyed by fire October 16, 1834 ; 

 and the firat stone of the present building was laid April 27, 1840. 

 Since that time the work has been prosecute j without intermission ; 

 the design continually growing in extent, and the cost increasing in at 

 least an equal proportion. Some years will probably yet elapse before 

 the whole is completed, and until it is completed it cannot a* a whole 

 be fairly judged. It has been, M WM certain to be the case, exposed 

 to much severe and not a little malevolent criticism ; but the opiuiou 

 appear* to be steadily gaining ground that, whatever be its faults, it 

 will worthily sustain in the judgment of posterity the reputation of 

 the architect and of the age. 



Sir Charles Barry arrived somewhat slowly at academical honours. 

 He WM elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1840, and an 

 academician in 1841. In 1849 he was elected a fellow of the Royal 



Society. Sir Charles Barry is also a member of the Institute of A n-hi- 

 tecte, London; of the academies of the Fine Arts at Rome, livrliu, 

 St Petersburg, Stockholm, and Brussels. He was knighted in 1852. 



BART, JEAN, was born at Dunkerque in 1655. His father was a 

 seaman, and was killed in a naval action. Jean, yet a boy, left home 

 and went to Holland, where he served under the celebrated Admiral 

 de Ruyter, and became a thorough seaman. Great courage, activity, 

 and bodily strength, gave him the superiority over most of his comrades. 

 When Louis XIV. declared war against Holland in 1672, Bart refused 

 the offers mode to retain him in the Dutch service, and returned to 

 Dunkerque. He there entered on board a privateer, which WM very 

 successful in its cruise ; and much of the sucoess was attributed to 

 Jean Bart. With the proceeds of his share of the prizes be fitted out 

 a sloop with 2 guns and 36 men, and having met a Dutch man-of- 

 war in the Texel, he boarded her, took her, and brought her into Dun- 

 kerque. He next joined several speculators who fitted out a 10 gun 

 ship, and gave him the command of it Being equally successful in 

 this cruise, he WM intrusted with the command of a small squadron 

 of five ships, with which he did great injury to the Dutch, taking both 

 their merchantmen and their armed veasels; and among others a 

 36-gun frigate, which, after a desperate fight^ he carried into Dun- 

 kerque. His name now became known at court, and Loui* XIV. sent 

 him a gold medal and chain, with the rank of lieutenant in the royal 

 navy. In the war against Spain be made several prizes iu the Medi- 

 terranean, and when war broke out between France and England, iu 

 1889, he and the Chevalier de Forbin, while commanding two ships of 

 war, were attacked by two English frigate*. After a desperate fight, 

 the two French ship* were taken and carried into Plymouth. Bart and 

 Forbin escaped soon after by filing the bars of the window of their 

 prison, and obtained a boat, in which they crossed over the Channel 

 to France. On their return the king made them both captain*. 



In 1690 Bart had the command of a 40-gun ship iu the Brest fleet 

 under Admiral de Tourville, and contributed materially to the advan- 

 tage obtained by the French off Dieppe over the English and Dutch 

 allied squadrons on the 10th July. The following year Bart obtained 

 the oomuiaud of a squadron of small vessels, which he had recom- 

 mended to be fitted out at Dunkerque, a* better calculated to do 

 injury to the enemy. Passing through the English blockading qudrou, 

 be went into the North Sea, where be made numerous prizes ; he 

 landed also on the coa*t of Scotland, where he plundered several 

 villages. After the defeat of the French at the battle of La Hogue, 

 at which he WM not present, Bart sailed from Dunkerque with three 



