BARTHOLIKK, ERASMUS. 



BARTOLI, DANIELE. 



namely, ' Oratio de Prmdpio Vital! Hominia.' on* voL 4 to, Montpellier, 

 177S; -Nova Dootrioa de Functionibui Corporis Humaui,' Mont, 

 pellier. 1774. In thne work* be endeavoured to point out. that the 

 action* in the human body are dependent upon a vital principle, and 

 that the function* of organised matter are to be itudied in a different 

 way from the propertie* of inorganic matter. These doctrine* he 

 corrcctlv applied to vegetable u well a* animal bodies, for be taught 

 vegetable phyuology a* well as medicine. Another work gave more 

 cope for the development of hi* view*, uamrly, ' Nouveaux Element* 

 de la Science de 1'Homm*,' one vol. 8vo, Montpellier, 1778, of which 

 a second edition wa* published by him at Paris in two vols. 8vo, 1806. 

 By the diaeemination of hi* view* on these subject*, Barthex proved a 

 valuable coadjutor to Holler, Cullen, and the other eminent physio- 

 logist* of that time. 



In 1774 he was made assistant-chancellor, and afterwards sole 

 chancellor, of the University of MonlpeUier. In 1780 he wa* sum- 

 moned to Part*, to aanime the duties of consulting phyiician to 

 the king, and fint physician to the Duke of Orleans. He continued 

 to practise hi* profession with increasing reputation for ten yean, 

 wht n the struggle* of the revolution drove him from the metropolis. 

 He took refuge at Carcaaaonne, where be practised medicine gratui- 

 tously, and devoted himself to study, the result of which was a 

 treat!**, ' Nonvelle Mechanique de* MouvemenU de 1'Homme et des 

 Animaux.' Some yean afterwords, the faculties of medicine having 

 been re-established, be wa* appointed honorary profeuor at Mont- 

 pellier, and in 1801 pronounced hi* ' Disooun sur le Genie d'Hippo- 

 crate.' In 1802 be was appointed physician to the Emperor Napoleon, 

 and coo after published a treatue, ' De* Maladies Gontteuses,' two 

 Tola. 8vo, which is deemed inferior to his former publications. In 

 1804, after an attack of fever, be expired on the 15th of October, in 

 the Mventy-aeoond year of hi* age. 



He left behind him two works, which were afterwards published 

 1, 'Traito* du Bean,' one voL 8vo, Paris, 1807 ; and, 2, 'Consultations 

 de Mc'-decine,' two vols. 8vo, Paris, 1S10. 



(Lordat, Ejcpotitian de la Doctrine Medicate de M. BarOuz ; Bio- 

 gnjAie ['nirtrnlle ; Thomson, Life of (Mien, vol. i. p. 445.) 



BARTHOLINE or BAUTHOLINUS, ERASMUS, born at Roskild 

 in Denmark, 1625, died in 1698 ; was the son of Oaspard Bartholinus, 

 who, like several of his sons and grandsons, was known as a physician 

 and writer on medicine. Erasmus Bartholine was professor of geometry, 

 and afterwards of medicine, at Copenhagen. ('Biog. Univ.') His prin- 

 cipal work is 'De Cornelia,' Cotienhagen, 1604-65, in which he treats 

 of comets after the manner of Descartes. (Weidler, p. 508.) Ho 

 publiibed MTorel other works. 



BARTHOLI'NE, THOMAS, son of Gospard, wos born at Copen- 

 hagen, 20th of October, 1616. After some yean' study at the uni- 

 versity of his native place, following the example of his father, he 

 visited the moet celebrated schools of Europe, at almost all of which 

 be published some work ; thus leaving at each a memorial of his 

 assiduity and talents. At Leyden, where he resided from 1637 to 

 1640, he re-published his father's ' Anatomise Inatitutiones,' with addi- 

 tions, 1641, 1 voL Svo. He afterward* spent two yean at Paris and 

 Montpellier. From France be went to Padua, where be lived three 

 yean, and was greatly distinguished among the students. After 

 vUiting the greater part of Italy and passing over to Malta, he 

 returned to Padua, and thence proceeded to Basle, where be took the 

 degree of Doctor of Medicine, having cbofen for hi* thesis 'De 

 Pbrenitide,' 4to, Basle, 1645. In the following year be returned to 

 Copenhagen with a large collection of book*, in addition to the (tores 

 of knowledge which be had acquired. In 1647 he was appointed 

 profsesor of mathematics in the University of Copenhagen, which 

 iteration be exchanged the following year for the chair of anatomy. 

 During the time he held thi* office bo publuhed a great many works, 

 particularly on subjects connected with anatomy and medicine. Some 

 of the.e treat of anatomical discoveries then or recently made, the 

 BM*t orlebntcd of which wa* the discovery of the ' lymphatic vessels,' 

 the merit of which be auigns to himself, though hi* claim is con- 

 U*Ud In favour of Rudbeek, a Swedish anatomist, who, in October 

 and November 1650, and the greater part of the following year, made 

 many expcrimenti to dUcover the course and termination of the 

 'lacteal*, and the testimony of Holler 1* in favour of Rudbeek. 

 Banboline'i work U entitled 'Vaaa Lympbatica in Homine nuper 

 invent*. Hafnuc, 1854. 



Another important work of hi* U entitled ' Dis*ertatio Anatomiea 

 de H*p*U Defuncto novls HiUionorum Observationibus Opposite,' 

 ll.fnue, 1661. Svo. Up to the time of Bartholine the liver wu .up- 

 powd to be the *ol* organ of anguifioation, a doctrine which he 

 dUproved in this and other work*. In 1661, hi* health being very 



Ueate, be_rwipedj>l* prof*e*or*hip, and retired to the country, of 



M 



I Dis professorship, and retired to the country, of 

 Job he wa* extremely fond. Surrounded by his books, he hoped 

 spend the remainder of hi* life in study and tranquillity, but in 

 ro a ftn destroyed bis boose, his library, and his manuscripts. 



*IWMW ** ' MiMiniinti*. iii vvuvru fcutj tin if PfnTiP vvn 



hint bis phyrician; and in addition to hi. .alary grantoTnlm an 

 SMDpUon from taxe*. The University of Copenhagen nominated 

 him librarian ; and in 167S the king appointed him a member of the 

 grand oounoil of Denmark. 

 He piibfohtd many raeewive edition* of hi* ' Anatotnia,' which 



was also reprinted in various countries of Europe, and it continued to 

 be the common text-book of anatomy till the publication of Vcrheyen 

 in 1693. Another important publication is the ' llUtorinriim Anato- 

 micarum Ccnturiic VI.,' of which there is a complete analytis in Mailer's 

 4 Bililiotheoa Medic*,' vol. iL, p. 654. A valuable work of a similar kind, 

 but consisting entirely of morbid appearance* found on dissection, was 

 unfortunately destroyed by the flames. This mode of extending our 

 knowledge he enforced in a subsequent work, ' Consilium de Anatome 

 practical ex cadaveris morboai* adornanda, cum Operum Auctori* 

 hactenu* Editorum Catalogo,' Hafnix, 1674, 4 to. Another interesting 

 work, though of an earlier date, U ' De luce Hominorum ct I'mtornm, 

 Leidte, 1647, 8vo, and Hafnito, 1668, 1669; to which lost edition is 

 appended Cleaner 1 * treatise, ' De raris et admirandia herbis qua; noctu 

 lucent.' It treats of phosphorescent appearances. His works alto- 

 gether amount to sixty-six, one of the last of which was ' De 1'ere- 

 grinatione Medico,' Hafnite, 1674, folio, being an account of his travels, 

 with advice to his two sons how to travel with advantage. 



Bartholine died at Copenhagen, December 4, 1680, in the sixty-fifth 

 year of his age, leaving behind him five sons and three daughters, 

 most of whom became distinguished for their talents and learning. 



(Kncycloptdie Methodique ; Holler, HMiotheca Medico, et S. 

 Anatomiea.) 



BARTHOLINE. or BAUTHOLINUS, THOMAS, son of the pre- 

 ceding, born in 1659, became eminent in the science of jurisprudence, 

 in the prosecution of which, after studying at the University of 

 Copenhagen, he proceeded to the universities of Leyden, Paris, Leip- 

 zig, and Oxford. Upon his return home he was appointed Professor 

 of History and Civil Law ; and held the offices of assessor of the 

 consistory, secretary to the king, antiquary, and keeper of the royal 

 archives. Ho died November 5th, 1690. He published 1. 'De 

 Longobardis,' 4to, 1676; 2. 'Do Holgero Dono,' 8vo, 1677; 3. 'De 

 Equestris Ordinis Danebrogici :i Christiana V. iustaurati origine,' fol. ; 

 4. 'De Causis Mortis h Danis gentilibus contompttc,' 4to ; 5. ' Autiqui- 

 tatum Donicarum Libri tree,' 4to, 1689; 6. 'De Legendis Libri ; ' 

 7. ' Orationes et Carmina.' He left also, but uufinished, an ' ! 

 siastical History of the North.' It was from his work ' De Causis 

 Mortis,' 4c , that Gray translated his ' Descent of Odin.' (Moreri, 

 Diction., ii. p. 90 ; Chalmers, Biog. Diet., vol iv. p. 74.) 



BARTHOLOMEW, ST., the Apostle, is mentioned in the list of 

 the Twelve Apostles appointed by Christ, in Matthew x., Mark iii., 

 and Luke vi. In the first chapter of John the name of Bartholomew 

 is omitted, and that of Nathaniel inserted. It is generally supposed 

 that these names represent the same person. In Acts i. Bartholomew 

 is named OB present at the gift of tongues. This is all that is posi- 

 tively known of him, except that he was a native of Galilee. Tra- 

 dition, as handed down to us by many ancient writers, records that 

 he proceeded to preach the Gospel in India. On his return, St. Bar- 

 tholomew met St. Philip at Hieropolis in Phrygia, and Chrysostom 

 relates that he preached Christianity in some parts of A-ia. Nothing 

 certain is known of the time, place, or manner of his death. The 

 Greek and Itoman Catholic churches agree in fixing the place at a town 

 on the Caspian Sea. The mode was crucifixion, according to the 

 Greeks; the Roman Catholics adding being flayed alive. Michel 

 Angelo, in the Sixtine Chapel, has depicted the apostle as holding his 

 skin in one hand, and the cross in the other. No writings of any sort 

 have descended to us from St. Bartholomew. Two works, ' Tim 

 Writings of Bartholomew the Apostle,' and ' The Gospel of St. Bar- 

 tholomew,' are mentioned by writers within the first four centuries of 

 the Christian ere, but they no longer exist, and are deemed to have 

 been spurious. The English church holds the festival of St. Bartholo- 

 mew on the 24th of August. Tho relics of the saint, after many 

 changes, are said to rest under the high altar of St. Bartholomew's 

 church at Rome. 



BARTOLI, DANIE'LE, was born at Ferrara, in 1608. At the age 

 of fifteen he entered the Order of the Jesuits. He was very desirous 

 to go to India, to join the missionaries of his order, who were tin 

 engaged in spreading Christianity through the East; but his supe- 

 riors, judging that he would be more useful at home, employed him 

 as a preacher in various parts of Italy. As he was proceeding to 

 Palermo, to preach there during the Lent of 1646, he was ship- 

 wrecked on the island of Capri, and afterwards continued his voyage 

 in another vessel. Although he hod lost the manuscript of his 

 sermons, he contrived, by means of a few fragments which he had 

 preserved, and with the assistance of a good memory, to go through 

 his ' Quareaimale ' of about forty scrmous, to the satisfaction of the 

 audience. In 1650 he was sent for to Rome by the Father-General, 

 and commissioned to write the history of the Order in the Italian 

 language. He divided bin subject by treating successively of tho 

 different parts of the world in which the Order had established itself. 

 He began with Asia, ' Istoria delta Compagma di Gusii, 1'Asia, parto 

 prim*, fol., Roma, 1653. In thi* volume he treats of the first mis- 

 sionaries sent by the Jesuits to the East, beginning with Francisco 

 Xavier, who was styled the Apostle of tho Indies. He describes tho 

 fint lucceas of the mission* on the Malabar and Coromandel coast?, 

 at Malacca, Ac, Tho work may serve to a certain extent as a supple- 

 ment to Barroi's 'Asia Portuguezo.' Bartoli published next. Ml 

 Giappone, teconda parte dull' Asia,' foL, Homo, 1 660 ; perhaps the 

 most interuting of his works. The rapid diffusion of Christianity in 



