673 



BAST, FREDERICK JAMES. 



BATHYANI, COUNT LOUIS. 



674 



and address. Bassompierre died of apoplexy on the 12th of April, 

 1646, three years after his liberation from prison. It is alleged that 

 he was offered the guardianship of the young monarch Louis XIV., 

 but age, or, as Mr. Croker conjectures, the ' wholesome discipline of 

 the Bastille,' had cured him of all ambition as a courtier, and he 

 declined the perilous honour. 



BAST, FREDERICK JAMES, a scholar of considerable eminence, 

 was born in the state of Hesse-Darmstadt about the year 1772. He 

 received his earliest instruction from his father at Bouxviller, but 

 afterwards studied in the university of Jena, under Professors Gries- 

 bach and Schutz. 



His first literary essay was a commentary upon Plato's ' Symposion,' 

 which was followed in 1796 by a specimen of an intended new edition 

 of the ' Letters ' of Aristsenetus. He lived at this time at Vienna, 

 where, in the Imperial Library, he had found a manuscript of Aris- 

 tametua, which afforded most important -readings for improving the 

 text of that author. 



The landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt afterwards made him secretary 

 of legation at the congress of Radstadt ; and finally placed him in the 

 came capacity with the Baron de Pappenheim, his minister at Paris. 

 Bast united the labours of philology with those of diplomacy, and 

 profited very much during his stay in Paris by the collation and copy- 

 ing of a considerable number of Greek manuscripts. It was a moat 

 advantageous residence for him, as the best classical treasures of the 

 Vatican had at that time been recently transported to France. 



Of the importance of his critical researches some estimate may be 

 formed from his ' Lettre Critique a M. J. F Boissonade, sur Antoninus 

 Liberal:.-), Parthenius, et Aristenete,' 8vo, Paris, 1805. This work, of 

 rather more than 2iO pages, stands in the first rank of treatises on 

 verbal criticism. It was in a volume of the Vatican, No. 398 of the 

 Greek manuscript?, which had once belonged to the electoral library 

 at Heidelberg, that he found the manuscripts of Antoninus Liberalis 

 and Partheniua; and the same volume contained seventeen other 

 manuscripts, some of them inedited ; of each of which, in the ' Letter 

 to M. BoiBSonnade,' Bast has given a notice. 



Schacfer's edition of Gregorius of Corinth, and some other gram- 

 marians, published at Leipzig, 2 vols. 8vo, 1811, contains Bast's Notes 

 on that author, with a Palaeographical Dissertation (accompanied by 

 seven plates of fac-similes from Greek manuscripts), which is con- 

 sidered to be a master-piece of erudition. 



Bast died of apoplexy at Paris, November 15, 1811. His Notes 

 upon Aristaenetus were published in a variorum edition of that author 

 by bis friend M. J. F. Boissonade, Svo, Lutetia.', 1822. 



BASTIAT, FREDERIC, was born at Bayonne, June 29, 1801, the 

 son of a merchant, by whom he was early destined to a commercial 

 career. After receiving a good education at the college of St.-Sever, 

 he was placed in the counting-house of an uncle at Bayoime. Here 

 he applied himself sedulously to the study of the principles of trade; 

 and, having to visit Spain and Portugal on business in 1840, he 

 availed himself of the opportunity of studying the commercial regu- 

 lations of these two countries, lagging behind even those of France at 

 that time. The result of his thoughts was at length communicated 

 to the public by M. Baatiat in 1844. It appeared in the ' Journal des 

 Economistes,' under the title ' L 1 Influence des Tarifs Fran?ais et 

 Anglais sur 1'Avenir des deux Peuples.' In this the author avowed 

 hinuelf as the adversary of the principle of protection to trade a 

 principle at that time universally acted upon in France, and almost as 

 universally recognised as just and expedient. Bastiat however gained 

 adherents, and time and truth, with the example of England, carried 

 his principles forward till they were to some extent acknowledged and 

 adopted by the government of France, and appear likely to be extended 

 still further. In 1845, after a visit to England, where he had made 

 the acquaintance of Mr. Cobden, he translated, under the following 

 title, many of the addresses of the Free-Traders, preceding them by 

 an introduction : ' Cobden and the League ; or the English Agitation 

 for the Freedom of Exchange.' In this he adduced all the incon- 

 veniences of a prohibitive system. He became secretary in Paris of a 

 society for promoting the freedom of trade, and editor of a journal 

 devoted to the same cause. While thus advocating sound commercial 

 principles, he was opposed to the doctrines of Socialism, and the pre- 

 tended right of every one to be supplied with work. After the 

 revolution of 1848 he sat for some time in the Legislative Assembly, 

 but his health failing, he proceeded to Italy in hopes of improving it, 

 and died at Rome, December 24, 1850. 



M. Bastiat wrote many works besides those mentioned, but all on 

 the came leading subject. Though valuable and novel in France at 

 the time of their appearance, they contain little that had not been 

 before enunciated in England ; but the views, although not original, 

 are placed effectively before the reader. 



(Nourtlle Biographic Univertclle.) 



BATHORI is the name of a noble family in Transylvania, of whom 

 several have been its princes. The family was originally from Germany, 

 and settled in Transylvania about the middle of the 14th century. In 

 1571 STKPUKN BATHORI wu elected Prince of Transylvania, and con- 

 firmed in his dignity by the Sultan Selirn and by the Emperor Maxi- 

 milian. In 1576 he was also elected King of Poland, after Henry of 

 Valois had succeeded to the throne of France. Bathori married the 

 heiress of the Jagellons, and died in 1 586, after having defeated the 



Russians in many battles, recovered Lithuania from them, and estab- 

 lished many useful institutions in Poland. 



CHRISTOPHER BATHOKI was chosen Prince of Transylvania after his 

 brother Stephen had obtained the crown of Poland. He however died 

 before him, in 1581 ; and was succeeded by 



SIGISMOND BATHOHI, hia son. This prince had been educated by 

 the Jesuits, whom his father had introduced into Transylvania, and 

 their influence produced first a rupture with Turkey and next an 

 insurrection, which was extinguished in blood. Sigismoud married a 

 princess of the house of Habsburg, and agreed with the Emperor 

 Rodolph that, iu case of his dying without heirs, Transylvania should 

 be united to Austria. Shortly after this marriage he was induced to 

 abdicate iu favour of Rodolpb, and to take orders; and in 1588 he 

 surrendered his country to the Austrian authorities, having been pro- 

 mised the dignity of a cardinal. He waited in vain for the promised 

 advancement, and at length returned to Transylvania. The inhabitants 

 ejected the Austriaua, and in 1601 Sigismoud was restore^. It was 

 but for a short time : Austria, with the assistance of Michael, the 

 voyvode of Wallachia, having defeated him in battle, he agaiu con- 

 sented to abdicate for a pension and the estate of Lobkowitz. After 

 thus selling his country, to the government of which he had been 

 elected only, Sigismoud died at Prague, March 27, 1613. 



BATHURST, ALLEN (Earl Bathurst), eldest son of Sir Benjamin 

 Bathurst, governor of the East India Company in the years 1688-9, 

 and treasurer of the household to the Princess Anne of Denmark, waa 

 born at Westminster in November 1684. In 1699 Allen Bathurst was 

 entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which his uncle, Dean 

 Bathurst, waa then master; and six years after commenced hia 

 political life as representative for the borough of Cirencester. As 

 a member of the legislature he actively promoted the union of the 

 two kingdoms, and concurred iu the opposition to the Duke of Marl- 

 borough and his adherents, of which Harley aud St. John were the 

 leaders. On the dismissal of the Whig ministry, he accepted of no 

 office from their Tory successors ; but was in 1711 made a peer of 

 Great Jiritaiu by the title of Lord Bathurst. In the upper house he 

 opposed, in 1716, as a violation of the constitution, the Septennial 

 Bill. He distinguished himself in 1723 as a zealous defender of 

 Bishop Atterbury, when the bill for "inflicting pains and penalties " 

 on that prelate was discussed in the House of Lords. In 1727 ho 

 opposed a war with Spain, which then threatened the country ; and 

 in 1731 supported the bill to prevent pensioners from sitting in the 

 House of Commons. On other occasions alao of public interest, and 

 during the whole period of which this narration is a brief review, 

 he showed himself a steady opponent of Sir Robert Walpole's 

 administration. 



Lord Bathurst was made in 1742 captain of his majesty's Baud of 

 Gentlemen Pensioners, which post he resigned in 1744. He was 

 appointed treasurer to George III., then Prince George of Wales, iu 

 1757, and this office he held till the death of George II., in 1760, 

 when he declined the acceptance of any further employment, ou 

 account of his age. In consideration however of his previous services, 

 he received a pension of 20001. per annum on the Irish establishment, 

 and was advanced to an earldom in 1772. He died at his seat near 

 Cirencester on the 16th September 1775, aged ninety-one. 



In his private character Lord Bathurst was generous and affable ; 

 that he possessed knowledge aud acquirements as a man of lettera 

 may be inferred from his long and intimate acquaintance with Pope, 

 Swift, Prior, Rowe, Congreve, Arbuthnot, Gay, and Addison ; and the 

 sincerity of his political friendships was manifested in his firm aud 

 strenuous opposition to the attainder of Bolingbroke and Ormond. 

 Mr. Pope acknowledged his obligations by dedicating to Lord Bathurst 

 the third epistle of his ' Moral Essays,' in which he pays a happy 

 compliment to his judgment and integrity. 



The only surviving son of Lord Mat. hurst, Henry, the second earl, 

 born in 1714, was made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in 1754, 

 and iu 1771 was appointed Lord Chancellor with the title of Baron 

 Apsley. He resigned the seals in 1778, and died in 1794. He was the 

 author of a pamphlet in 4to, entitled ' The Case of Miss Swordfeger,' 

 and of a work on the ' Theory of Evidence,' Svo. 



* BATHYANI, COUNT CASIMIR, was born June 4, 1807, of a 

 noble Hungarian family. After completing his studies Count Casiunr 

 made the tour of Europe, and remained a conaiderable time in England. 

 This residence probably had its effect in inducing him to rank himself 

 on the liberal side on his return to Hungary, and to this party he 

 remained firmly attached during the diets of 1840, 1843, and 1844. 

 In 1848 he took an active part in the war. He commanded the forces 

 occupying Easek, which controlled the navigation of the Danube and 

 the Drave. When Essek was surrendered to the Austrians in February 

 1849, he took refuge in Debrecziu. He was uext named governor of 

 Szegedin, of Theresiopol, and of Zombor. In April 1849, upon the 

 declaration of independence by Hungary, Count Casimir was nominated 

 minister for foreign affairs. He followed Kossuth in his retreat to 

 Arpad, aud protested strongly against the authority given to Gorgey 

 without his knowledge. After the surrender at Vilagoa he reached 

 Widdin, was confined at Kutayeh with the other refugees, until released 

 in 1851, when he retired to Paris. (Nouvelle Biographic Univcnelle.) 



BATHYANI, COUNT LOUIS, was born at 1'resburg in 1809, of a 

 branch of the family to which Count Casimir belonged. At the age 



