? 



RATHTCLES. 



BAT7MQARTEN, ALEXANDER GOTTI.IF.r, 



of sixteen It* entered the Atutrun army u a cadet, and was stationed 

 .fe. He subsequently travelled in the East and in Europe with 

 hi* wife. the Countess Antonia Kichy. On hi* return to his native 

 country, he became at oooe a leader on the liberal side, distinguished 

 orator, and a frourit with the public. From 1840 to 1814 he opposed 

 openly the Austrian chancellor Appony, in favour of Hungarian com- 

 merce UK! industry. At toil time he wa alike oppoeed to Koatuth, 

 with whom howerrr he afterward* allied himself. When, iu con- 

 sequence of the events of March 1848, the Archduke Stephen was 

 created Palatine of Hungary, Count Louis, an old frirud of Stephen'*, 

 wa* named chief minuter. He strove earnestly iu thi* party to 

 maintain the political union between Auitria and Hungary. After 

 the invuion of JelUchich, and tome fruitless negociations with Austria, 

 he resigned his function* on September 11; the next day he was 

 couituUaioned to form a new ministry, but this effort failed. 



After the dissolution of the Diet, and the murder of Count Lam- 

 bert, he repaired to Vienna to endeavour to prevent the ill-effects of 

 this crime; and if posrible to form a new administration. Hi 

 exertion* were in Tain, and be returned to take a part in the hostile 

 straggle now become inevitable. In November 1848 he went to 

 Paw, to take hi* teat in the Diet, and was named one of a deputation 

 sent to treat with General Windiacbgratz, the Austrian general, who 

 was approaching Pesth with an army. The deputation was not re- 

 ceived. The Hungarian government removed to Dtibreczin, but Count 

 Louis remained at 1'estb, where, on the arrival of Windischgratz on 

 January 8, 1849, he was arrested. After being transferred to Oft>n, 

 to Olmutx, and to Lavbach, he was at length brought back to Pesth, 

 where he was condemned by a council of war to be hung. He 

 endeavoured to escape the ignominy of the sentence by destroying 

 himself with a poignard. He did not succeed, but at length the 

 sentence was changed, and he was shot on October 6, 1M'.'. Hi- 

 estates were confiscated, and his wife and children were exiled. 



(.\ourrllt Bioyrapltic UnivtrteUc.) 



BATH YCLES, a celebrated ancient statuary or sculptor, of Magnesia 

 on the Msamder in Lydia. Though bis time is uncertain, several 

 scholars liave attempted to establish it, but without success : Tbierrch, 

 substantially agreeing with Heyne, places Bathyclea in the 20th 

 Olympiad, contemporary with Arcbilochus. This was at the close of 

 the second Heaseuian war; De Quiucy. Winckelmann, Welcker, 

 Ixjttiger, Sillig, and Von adopt the more generally received opinion 

 that he flourished about the time of Solon, or somewhnt later. 

 Bathycles was the artist who made the colossal throne of the Amy- 

 ckean Apollo at Amycltc near Sparta. On the top of the thruue 

 Bathyclee represented himself and his assistants. Quatremcre de 

 Quiucy, in his 'Jupiter Olympian,' has given a view of the god and 

 his throne, designed from the description of Pausanias. The Batbycloa 

 who left a cup for the wisest man was a different person ; he was of 

 Arcadia, and lived certainly in the time of Solon, but it does not 

 follow that he wan sn artist because he made a bequest of a cup. 



BATO'NI, POMPE'O GIKO'LAMO, one of the most distinguished 

 painters of the 18th century, was bom at Lucca in 1708. II is father 

 was a goldsmith, and Pompeo had thus an early opportunity of dis- 

 playing his ability for design. He established himself early iu Homo, 

 where he studied Raphael and the antique. In a fuw years ho obtained 

 the first name in home, and lived there until his death, for forty years, 

 without a rival, with the exception of Hengs. He died February 4, 

 I7M 



llatoni was equally excellent in portrait and history. His historical 

 works are chiefly scriptural and frum the lives of the saints; he 

 painted also many aingle pictures of saints of both sexes. His por- 

 traiU, which are admirably modelled, are extremely numerous, snd 



uoooi them are many of the highest personages in Europe. He 

 painted three popes Benedict XIV., Clement XIII., and Pius VI.; 

 also the emperors Joseph II. and Leopold IL of Austria, the emperor 

 Paul of Russia, and many others of Inferior rank. He excelled in 

 drawing, in tone, and in colour ; his execution was often very elabo- 

 rate ; but in composition he was considered inferior to Mengs, though 

 equal to him in expression. 



Several cities of Italy possess altar-pieces by Baton!, and there are 

 many of his works in Germany and other foreign countries ; some of 

 his best works are at Lisbon and at St. Petersburg. His principal 

 work at Rome is the Fall of Simon Magus, now in the church of Santa 

 Maria degli AngelL Baton! was a Cavaliere and a Knight of the order 

 of Maria, Theresa. 



BATRACHUS, an architect and sculptor of Laconia, who lived in 

 the time of Augustas. Pliny ( Nat Hist/ xxxvi. 4, 11) tells a story 

 of Batnchus and bis fellow countryman Saunis He says : Being very 

 rich, they built at their own cost two temples to Jupiter and Juno at 

 Rome, inclosed by the porticoes of Octavia, hoping for an inscription ; 

 bat this bring refused them, they introduced their names in another 

 manner, by carving a lixard (Saurus) and a frog (Batrachus) in the 

 centre of the Ionic volutes of the columns, one in each volute. There 

 ts still at Rome, in the church of Ban Lorenso, a column with an 

 Ionic capital of this description, in which the reptiles an well exe- 

 cuted. The story is improbable, and perhaps originated in the pecu- 

 liar nature of the ornaments ; or the architects derived thtir names 

 from the reptiles, rather than the reptile* their images from the names 

 of the architects. 



BAUHIN, the names of two distinguished men, the sons of John 

 Bauhin, a physician of considerable celebrity, who, after practising in 

 England, the Netherlands, and France, was forced, on account of his 

 having embraced the creed of Calvin, to take refuge at Basle, in 

 Switzerland. 



JOUN HAI-IIIN, his eldest son, was born at Basle in 1541. His father, 

 having destined him for the medical profession, placed him, towards 

 the completion of his studies, witli Fuohsiua, a botanist of considerable 

 eminence in his day, and afterwards with the celebrated Conrad Oesuer, 

 whom he accompanied in his various excursions through Switzerland. 

 He subsequently visited several other parts of Europe for the purpose 

 of becoming acquainted with their vegetable productions, and with a 

 view to collecting materials for his ' Historia Plantarum,' afterwards 

 published. In 1566 he fixed himself at Basle, where he was elected 

 professor of rhetoric. A few years subsequently he was appointed 

 principal physician to the Duke of Wiirtcmbeig, in which situation he 

 died at Moutbelliard in 1613. During his life he published little of 

 importance, but he occupied himself with great industry in reducing 

 the scattered knowledge of the botanists of his day into a single and 

 connected history of the whole vegetable kingdom, which he arranged 

 upou the plan sketched out by Lovel. This work was not printed till 

 nearly forty years after bis death, in 3 vols. folio, published at Yverdun 

 in 1650-51, uuder the care of Dr. Chain!, his brother-in-law. Although 

 by no means free from errors, this work was a most important perform- 

 ance for the time when it appeared, and may b considered the firat 

 step towards reducing systematical botany into order. 



UASPAIID BAUIIIN, the younger son, was born at Basle, January 17, 

 1560. After receiving the usual college education he visited several 

 parts of Europe, with a view to examine their vegetable productions, 

 and to render himself conversant with the state of medical science. 

 On his return to Baile be appears to have gained great reputation as a 

 learned man and a skilful naturalist. We find him described as holding 

 the offices of professor of Greek, of anatomy and botany, and of the 

 practice of medicine, dean of the faculty of medicine, chief physician to 

 the town, and rector of the university. He died at Basle December 5, 

 1624. His works consist of several medical treatises, and especially of 

 a set of anatomical plutes, partly original and partly copied from 

 Vesalius and Eustachius; but his reputation chiefly depends upon bis 

 botanical publications. His chief works were ' Phyto|jiuax,' Basel, 

 4to, 1596, and 'Prodromus Theatri Botanici,' Frankfurt, 1620; and 

 partly of collections of the synonyms of the botanical writers who had 

 preceded him. The latter appeared in his ' 1'iuax Tlicati i Botanic! ' in 

 16li3, of which a second edition was published in 1 071, and which is a 

 complete key to the botanical knowledge of the day. 



BAUME, ANTOINE, was bora at Senlis, in the department of 

 Oise, in France, on February 26, 1728. The son of an innkeeper, he 

 experienced numerous difficulties in obtaining instruction, all of which 

 his ardour for the acquisition of knowledge overcame. In 1752, on 

 his examination at tho Pharmaceutical College at Paris, he acquitted 

 himself so satisfactorily, that very shortly afterwards he was appointed 

 professor of chemistry to that institution. Hera he soon distinguished 

 himself by the lucid clearness of method that characterises all his 

 works, although his use of the ancient nomenclature imposes a need- 

 less labour on tho student, and obscures a treasure of facts and obser- 

 vations. Bauuu' was not only an excellent professor, but a successful 

 manufacturer. He carried into operation the scientific details of 

 which l,avoiier and Scheele had sketched the bases. He established 

 a manufactory for sal-ammonia, which France had previously imported 

 from Egypt; for muriate of tin, acetate of lead, and the mercurial 

 salts, lie also made improvements in the manufacture of purr, i un. 

 in the scarlet dye for the Gobelin tapestry, and in the areometer. 

 He invented processes for gilding the works of watches, for dyeing 

 cloths of two colours, for blanching the yellow raw silk, for purifying 

 saltpetre, and for removing tho bitter principle from the Hour of the 

 hone-chestnut In 1773 he was elected a member of the Acaddmie 

 des Sciences, a just reward for his many contributions to the useful 

 arts. In 1780, having acquired a competent fortune, he retired from 

 business in order to devote himself wholly to science. In a few yean 

 however the revolution broke out, and his property was lost. Uaumc', 

 though now an aged man, sustained the deprivation with firmness. 

 He again commenced manufacturer, and died October 15, Ib04. 



Among bis numerous works, the most important are ' Plan d'un 

 Cours de Chimio expcrimentale et raisonnee,' 1767 ; ' Manuel de 

 Chimio, ou Exposd des Operations et des Produiti d'un Cours de 

 Chiniie,' 1 703, this has been translated into English ; ' Elements de 

 Pbarmacie thdnrique et pratique,' first published iu 1762, and other 

 editions in 1769, 1773, and in 1818; and 'Opuscules do ( himie,' 

 1798. He also wrote many valuable articles in various scientific 

 journals, particularly in the 'Dictionnaire des Arts et Metiers,' a 

 work which he himself had projected. 

 rrlle.) 



UAUMOAIMKN, AI.EXANUKI! GOTTLIEB, was born June 17, 

 1714, at Uerlin, where his father was preacher to the court of Prussia. 

 He studied at Halle, and became .1 warm admirer of Wolf's philosophy, 

 though it was at that time considered heretical, and Wolf himselt 

 had in consequence been obliged to leave Halle. Baumgarteu applied 

 himself to the atudy of logic and of belles-lettres, on vhirh In- after- 

 wards gavo lectures at the Orphan Institution of Hallo. Having 



