BAYAZID II. 



It, JOHN". 



IH 



Stupor, king of Penis, io the MUM manner ; that ha intended to carry 

 him in this confinement ioto TarUry. but that the miserable prinoa 

 died in Syria, at 'a place called Akabebr." Busbequiua also, who 

 vieiud C.>n,tMitino|.]<r ai ambaaaador from the German emperor about 

 the middle of the ICUi centnry, baa a passage to the following eflVct: 

 that Bayatid, after hia defeat, became a prisoner in the banda of 

 Timur. wbo treated him with great cruelty ; that his wife, who waa 

 alto made a priaoner, was grossly insulted before his faoe ; and that 

 from tbit time till the age of Soliman I., wbo reigned from 1620 to 

 1504, the Oamaoli aultana have never married, fur fear that the 

 reran*! of fortune might ezpoae them to aiuiilar insults. 



Bayazid was succeeded upon the throne of the Osnianli empire by 

 hi. aun Mohammed L 



LA YAZIU II , the eldest son of Mohammed II., wai born in 1447, 

 and in 1481 auooeeded hi* father on the throne of the Oamanli empire, 

 hich he occupied till 1512. Bayaaid was governor of Amasia when 

 hi father died (May 3, 14 SI). Upon receiving the new* of his demise 

 lie hastened to Constantinople, but had to establish liii claim* to the 

 throne by a contort with hi* brother Zizim, or Xizymus. Zizim was 

 defeated in a battle at Yeniahchr, near Brussa, June 20, 14S1 ; and wai 

 ultimately placed in the hands of Pope Alexander VI., by whom he U 

 aaid to have been poisoned at the instigation of his brother (February 

 24, 1495). 



A considerable part of Bayazid' a reign was spent in war. When 

 Mohammed II. died the Oamanli empire was engaged in a conflict 

 with Venice. Bayazid found it necessary in 1482 to conclude a p.-aci 

 which secured considerable advantages to the republic. In 145 

 Bayazid declared war against Kait-Bey, the Maniluk sultan of Egypt 

 Karsgus-Paaha, the commander of the Osmanli army, suffered two 

 signal defeats and in 1491 a peace waa negotiated upon terms by no 

 means advantageous or creditable to the Osmanli arms. In the same 

 year, while carrying on the war in Albania, Bayazid bad a narrow 

 escape from an aasasain who had approached him iu the disguise of a 

 monk. This incident gave rise to the rule ever since most strictly 

 observed at the Turkish court, that no one bearing any weapon ia 

 admitted into the presence of the sultan. 



The year 1490 is remarkable in Turkish history for the first treaty 

 concluded between the Oimanli government and that of Poland, and 

 in 1495 we find recorded the first diplomatic relations between thu 

 sulUn and the czar of Moscow. In 1499 another war broke out between 

 the Turks and Venetians. A Venetian fleet was defeated in a battle 

 near the island of Sapienza, July 28, 1499; and Lepanto (Naupactos), 

 Modou, Coron, and Navariuo were besieged and taken by the Osmanli*, 

 while Iskandar-Pasha with a laud army invaded and laid waste the 

 country along the river Tagliameuto in the north of Italy. A combined 

 Venetian and Spanish fleet took possession of .Eginn and Cephalonia, 

 .and captured twenty Turkish galleys. By the treaty of peace, which 

 was concluded in December 1 502, the Venetians were obliged to leave 

 the island of Santa Maura in the bauds of the Turks ; but they kept 

 possession of Cephalonia, and obtained the privilege of appointing a 

 consul at Constantinople and of trading in the Black Sea. 



Bayazid was induced to yield a peace upon such conditions by the 

 rapid rise of the Persian power on the eastern frontier of his dominions 

 under Shah Ismail, the founder of the Safawi (commonly called the 

 Son) dynasty. Shah Ismail had encroached upon the Osmauli territory 

 n-ar Tokst,and when forced to retreat by the governor of the province, 

 had taken possession of Merash. Bayazid was now desirous of repose, 

 and wished to appoint Ahmed, one of his sons, as successor to the 

 throne. A civil war followed for some time between Korkud the eldest 

 on, Ahmed, and Selim. At length Seliin prevail d. liayazid was 

 obliged to resign the government in his favour, and Selim, supported 

 by ui Janieaariea and the great mass of the people of Constantinople, 

 soeaded the throne on April 25, 1512. Bayazid quitted the capital iu 

 order to spend the remainder of his life in peaceful retirement at 

 Demitoka, his birthplace ; but he died on bis journey thither at Aya, 

 near USM, May 20, 1518. 



:i Hammer, dttckickle dtt Omanuchfn Heiclu, vol. ii. p. 250, Ac.) 

 ItAYKR, JOHN, was born at the town of lihain in Bavaria, in 

 He followed the profession of an advocate at Augsburg, where 

 he died in 1625, having lived a bachelor fifty three years. Ho wss 

 an astronomer, and a diligent inquirer into antiquity. The preceding 

 parUeolars are (or were) stated in his epitaph, in the church of St. 

 itocninic at Augsburg. 



Bayrr has immortalised bis name, as Delambre remarks, at a very 

 chrap ratr. He published charts of the stars in 1003, in which, for 

 tli- fint time, he distinguished one from another by affixing letters. 

 When Flamsteed and others adopted this prectioe, which has since 

 become universal, the letters of Bayer were followed, which has 

 made bis mmpe valuable; otherwise they are not so good as those 

 of Hevdius. 



The first edition of Bayer's maps was published at Augsburg in 

 September 1003, with the following title :-Johannis Baieri Khaiuani, 

 J. i ' , Uranometria, omnium asterUmorum continrns schemata novi 

 mettodo delineate, strefa Uminis express*.' The title given by Ulsnd 

 ( Bibttnfr. Astr.') U incorrect. He had obtained the constellations 



be observed himself, but Kicoi.Ji, in the words " suis vigiliis astrouo- 

 mkis aucta et emendate," implies that he did; and Bartschius 

 (' Plauiaph. in Pref. ad Leot') affirms that Bayer was not iu possession 

 of the more recent observations of Tycbo Branch, and that his plsoes 

 were erroneous in consequence. There are fifty-one maps by Bayer, 

 namely, two of the hemispheres, one of nine constellations about the 

 south pole, and forty-eight of single constellations. The Greek letters 

 are employed to denote the stars, and where the Greek alphabet ends 

 the Roman small letters are used. 



The following is the lint of Bayer's constellations, after each of which 

 is placed the letter with which the reckoning euds ; so that by looking 

 at the numbering of the two alphabets annexed, the number of stars 

 reckoned by him may be seen. In applying the letter* he seems to 

 have arranged the stars in order of brilliancy : thus a it the largest star 

 in a constellation, that is, the largest in the opinion of Bayer, observing 

 with tho naked eye, iu and about the year 1600. B.ijer's names aud 

 spellings are retained. The constellations are all iu PtolenuBus. 



1. a 



2. $ 

 3.7 



4. J 



5. 

 6.C 

 7. K 



8. 



9. i 



10. x 



11. A 



12. M 



13. 



14. f 



15. o 



16. * 



17. f 



18. <r 



19. T 



20. v 



21. <t> 



visible in the northern hemisphere from the catalogue of Tycho Brahe. 

 and those about the south pole from Am. ricus Vesputius and others. 

 (Kepler, ' Tab. Uudolpk/ cited by Kasteuer.) It is not known whether 



1. Ursa Minor, 9 



2. Ursa Major, h 



3. Draco, i 



4. Cepheus, p 



5. Buotti, k 



6. Corona, v 



7. Hercules, z 



8. Lyra, 



9. Cygnus, g 



10. C'ataepea, a 



11. Perseus, o 



12. Auriga, i| 



13. Serpentarius, f 

 1 1. Serpeui), e 



15. Sagitta, S 



16. Aquila, 1 , 

 Antmoia, J U 



17. Delphinus, K 



18. Kiiuus Minor, 8 



19. Pegasus, ^ 



20. A ndromtda, o 



21. Triangulum, c 



22. Aries, r 



23. Taurus, u 



24. Gemini, g 



25. Cancer, d 



26. Leo, p 



27. Virgo, q 



28. Libra, o 



29. Scorpio, <r 



30. Sagittarius, h 

 81. Capricornus, c 

 32. Aquarius, i 



In Delambre s list (' Hist de 1'Ast Mod.'), in Canis Major, for x-o 

 read a o. The title of the Ut map is presumed by us, as the only 

 copy of the first edition we know of does not contain it, and the 

 succeeding editions have no letter-press. The constellations iu Italics 

 are those of which a front view is presented, of which we shall 

 presently speak. 



In this fint edition, the letter-press is on the back of the plates. 

 It contains, in million to what has been noticed, the various names of 

 the constellations and single stars, together with the planets with which 

 they were supposed to have astrological affinities. 



In order to restore, as he supposed, the sphere of Ptolemscus, Bayer 

 has inverted many of the constellations, and made them turn their 

 backs; and this he has done upon an ecliptic and equator so disposed 

 as to place the spectator inside. The state of the question is this ; 

 it is pretty clear either that Ptolemtcus imagined himself on the outMilo 

 of the globe, looking on the backs of the constellation*, or in the inside, 

 looking on the fronts : for neither of the two remaining suppositions 

 will place those stars on the right or left arms, Ac., which Ptolemirus 

 places there. The alternative might be easily settled by remarking 

 whether the stars in the body are placed in the front or back ; but, 

 unfortunately, Ptolemseus generally refers them to some part of the 

 drees or arms which has both back and front, such as the belt of Orion ; 

 but in the few instances which are tests, Ptolemoms always names 

 the back, the only exception we know of being a star in Virgo, which 

 is said to be in the front face (wpoaarov), which may be reconcile d 

 with the rest by supposing the back of a figure with the face turned 

 sideways. Therefore, to represent Ptolemteus completely, an outaidc of 

 a sphere, or part of a sphere, must be drawn ; and on an inoide sphere 

 I there is only the choice of changing left into right, aud vice versa, by 



