639 



BAZHENOV, VASSILI IVANOVITCH. 



BEATON, CARDINAL DAVID. 



690 



tions of the Criminal Law of Scotland,' for the use of his students. 

 Mr. Bayne held the professorship till his death, which took place in 

 June, 1737. 



BAZHENOV, VASSILI IVANOVITCH, an architect distinguished 

 among the native artists of Russia, and first vice-president of the 

 Academy of Fine Arts at St. Petersburg, was born at Moscow, March 

 1 (13), 1737. While yet a boy he is said to have manifested a decided 

 taste for drawing houses and buildings, which was his favourite amuse* 

 ment, and in which he endeavoured to improve himself by studying 

 the churches, monasteries, and other public structures of that ancient 

 capital. In 1751 lie began to attend the School of Architecture at 

 Moscow. Bazhenov was one of the first pupils entered at the Academy 

 of Fine Arts opened at St. Petersburg in 1778. After pursuing his 

 studies there under Tchevakninsky with distinguished success, he was 

 gent to Paris in 1761, where he became the pupil of Duval, and would 

 have obtained the gold medal at the Academy of Architecture but for 

 his belonging to the Greek Church ; wherefore in lieu of it he was 

 rewarded by a diploma of merit, signed by the three eminent archi- 

 tects, Leroi, SufHot, and Gabriel. Proud of his having obtained a 

 distinction such as had never before been conferred on any Russian, 

 the St Petersburg Academy bestowed on him the degree of ' Adjunct,' 

 and sent him forthwith (October, 1762) to Rome. While in Italy he 

 waa elected member of the Academy of St Luke, and of those of 

 Florence and Bologna. 



On his return to St. Petersburg in May, 1765, he was taken into the 

 service of the Empress Catherine, who found him constant employ- 

 ment in various architectural projects and schemes ; among others 

 that of erecting upon the site of the Kremlin at Moscow a palace that 

 should surpass every monument of ancient or modern times. In 

 magnitude it certainly would have done so, for the fa9ade would have 

 been upwards of four thousand feet in extent ; and some idea may be 

 formed of the pomp and magnificence contemplated by Catherine and 

 her architect from the estimate for the state staircase alone, which 

 was to be entirely of Italian marbles, amounting to five million rubles. 

 Even the model itself, which ia still preserved in the Kremlin, cost 

 DO less than thirty-six thousand rubles. Nevertheless, although all 

 preparations had been made, and the first stone of the intended edifice 

 , was laid with great solemnity on the 1st (13th) of June, 1773, the 

 works were shortly afterwards interrupted, and never resumed. 



In 1776 he began for the empress a summer palace, in the gothic 

 style, at Tzarishtino ; but Catherine, having withdrawn her favour 

 from Bazhenov, ordered it to be completely altered by Kozakov. Her 

 successor Paul however restored him to his former appointments, 

 bestowed on him an estate with a thousand peasants, lavished various 

 honours upon him, and employed him to erect the palace at Gatchina, 

 that at Pavlovsky, and several government buildings at Cronstadt. 

 But the most magnificent structure which he executed for the Emperor 

 Paul was the St. Michael, or Marble Palace, at St. Petersburg, since 

 converted into a military school for engineers. Bazhenov is also said 

 to have been associated with Voronikhin [VoaoNiKHlN] in buildiug 

 the Kazan church at St Petersburg. Bazhenov died of paralysis at 

 St. Petersburg, August 2 (14), 1799. He published, 1790-97, a Russian 

 translation of Vitruvius, in 4 vols. 4to. 



(Sncgirev, Slovar Rutkikh Pitatdei.) 



BEALE, MAHY, aa English portrait painter of the 17th century, 

 about whom Vertue collected some interesting details from some 

 journals or pocket-books kept by her husband, of which he saw 

 even. She wag the daughter of the Rev. Mr. Craddock, minister of 

 Wallon-upon-Thames, and appears to hare been taught painting by 

 Sir IVter Lely. Her husband, Charles Beale, bad an employment in 

 the Board of Green Cloth ; he was also a painter, and, according to 

 his journal), a colour-maker. The first date concerning her works in 

 his pocket-books is 1672, when Lely's visits to her, and his praises 

 of her copies from Correggio and Vaudyck, are noticed. In the same 

 year she painted portraits of the Bishop of Chester, Lord and Lady 

 Corubury, and Dr. Sydenham, besides others; and she received in 

 that year for paintings 2022. 6. 



Sir Peter Lely painted for Mr. Beale portraits of Dr. Tillotson and 

 Dr. Stillingfleet, in Mr. Beale's house, in the presence of his wife, in 

 order probably that Mrs. Beale might see his method of painting. 

 Sir Peter (then Mr. Lely) received for the two paintings 30?., of which 

 he took 281. 19>. in lakes and ultra-marine. In 1674 Mrs. Beale made 

 2162. St. by her paintings. A Mr. Manby seems to have painted the 

 landscape background* in some of her portraits, for which he was paid 

 in colours of Mr. Beale's making. In 1677 she received 4292. for pic- 

 tures : a very large amount. Among the portraits of this year were 

 one of the Earl of Clarendon, and others of the nobility. She was 

 paid 51. for a head, and 10<. for a half-length in oil. In 1681 Dr. 

 Burnet presented Mrs. Beale with a copy of his ' History of the 

 Reformation.' She appears to have been highly esteemed by the 

 clergy ; many distinguished members of that body sat to her. Mr. 

 and Mrs. Beale appear to have been very charitable : from some 

 notes at the end of one of the pocket-books, they gave a tenth part of 

 tiieir income t the poor. Mary Beale died in London in 1697, 

 aged 64. Her husband and two sons survived her. One son, 

 Bartholomew, studied under Dr. Sydenham, and practised as a phy- 

 sician at Coventry ; the other, Charles, who was born in 1660, was a 

 painter, and died in London. Her pictures are interesting as portraits 



of celebrated personages, but they have little artistic merit. Her 

 portraits of archbishops Tillotson and Tennison, and other eminent 

 persons, have been engraved. 



BEATON, CARDINAL DAVID, Archbishop of St. Andrews, and 

 Lord High Chancellor to Mary, queen of Scotland, was a younger son 

 of John Beaton or Bethune of Balfour, in the shire of Fife, by a 

 daughter of David Mouypenny of Pitmilly, in the same shire; and 

 nephew to Bishop James Beaton, Lord Chancellor to King James V. 

 He was born in 1494, and was, on the 26th of October 1511, matricu- 

 lated of the University of Glasgow, whence he was sent to France to 

 study the civil and canon laws. On the death of Secretary Panter in 

 1519 he was appointed resident for Scotland at the French court; and 

 about the same time his uncle the chancellor bestowed on him the 

 rectory of Cambuslang, in the diocese of Glasgow. In 1523 his uncle, 

 now translated from that see to the primacy of St. Andrews, resigned 

 in his favour the rich monastery of Arbroath in commendam, and 

 also prevailed on the pope to dispense with his taking the habit for 

 two years ; this time he spent in France, and then returned to 

 Scotland, where he immediately entered parliament as Abbot of 

 Arbroath. On the fall of the Earl of Angus, and the surrender of 

 George, bishop of Dunkeld, he was appointed Lord Privy Seal in 1528, 

 the same year in which the great convent of Blackfriars at Edinburgh, 

 in the immediate neighbourhood of which Beaton and his uncle had 

 their magnificent abode, was burnt down to the ground by a sudden 

 fire. In February 1533, Beaton, now prothonotary apostolic, was sent 

 ambassador to France, with Secretary Erskine, to treat of a league 

 with that crown, and also of a matrimonial alliance with the Princess 

 Magdalene ; and when the king of Scots proceeded thither on the 

 same object, Beaton was one of the lords of the regency appointed by 

 commission, 29th of August 1536, to conduct the government in his 

 absence. On Queen Magdalene's decease he was joined in an embassy 

 to the house of Guise, to treat of a match with Mary, widow of the 

 Duke of Longueville. It is probable that when in France, on this 

 occasion, he procured the papal bull of date 12th Feburary 1537, 

 for the erection of St. Mary's College at St. Andrews. In November 

 1537 he was made a denizen of France, and on the 5th of December 

 he was consecrated Bishop of Mirepoix in Languedoo. On his return 

 home he was made coadjutor in the see of St. Andrews, and successor 

 to his uncle. On the 20th of December 1538, Pope Paul III. advanced 

 him to the cardinalate, by the title of Sancti Stephani in Monte Ccelio; 

 and on the 20th of June 1539 the king of France directed new letters 

 of naturalisation in his favour, with a further clause allowing his heirs 

 to succeed to his estate in France, though born and living in Scotland. 

 About this time also we find him ' legatus natus ' of the Roman see. 

 On the death of his uncle in the autumn of 1539, he waa fully 

 invested in the primacy of St. Andrews, the privy seal being again 

 returned to the Bishop of Duukeld. 



Beaton's authority, zeal, and ability now made him truly formidable ; 

 and that he might devote them all to the politics of the church, with 

 consent of the king and pope he devolved his diocesan duties on the 

 dean of Restalrig as his suffragan. On the 28th May 1540 he con- 

 vened a large assembly of ecclesiastics and others in the cloisters of 

 St. Andrews, and on their conviction of Sir John Borthwick for heresy 

 in holding Protestant opinions, pronounced sentence of outlawry and 

 forfeiture against him, with solemn burning of his effigy at the market- 

 cross of the city. In order to avert the odium which would come 

 upon the clergy if they should continue to execute their own sentences, 

 Beaton induced the king by a large pecuniary payment to appoint a 

 judge in heresy. Accordingly James named Sir James Hamilton, 

 natural brother of the Earl of Arran, to the office, for which his 

 intolerance and ferocity well fitted him, but which he did not long 

 retain, being attainted of treason and beheaded. 



On the 20th December 1542 the king died, leaving an infant daughter, 

 eight days old, heir to the throne, but for whoee safety or that of the 

 kingdom during her minority he had made no provision. Beaton 

 however produced a testament, which he affirmed was subscribed by 

 his majesty, appointing him regent of the kingdom and guardian to 

 the infant queen. The document was a forgery; and the nobility 

 roused from his inactivity James, earl of Arran, next heir to the queen, 

 and appointed him to the regency. The power however which Beaton 

 failed to obtain directly, he obtained by his address ; and not only got 

 the nobles to accede to his views of government, but also induced the 

 timid regent publicly to abjure the doctrines of the Reformation. In 

 December 1543 the great seal was taken from the Archbishop of Glas ; 

 gow and bestowed on Beaton, whom also, on very strong letters from 

 the regent, Pope Paul III., by bull of 30th January following, con- 

 stituted his legate ' a latere' in Scotland. Thus he was placed at the 

 head both of church and state, including also the whole civil judicature 

 of the kingdom, being ex officio principal of the Court of Session, the 

 supreme judicatory in civil causes ; and as he did not scruple to employ 

 these extensive powers for furthering his own views, he appears to have 

 been held in general abhorrence. The king of England in particular, 

 whose friendship was renounced at the instigation of the cardinal and 

 the popish faction, for an alliance with France, anxiously desired his 

 death ; and in the instructions of the English privy council of date 

 10th April 1544, the Earl of Hertford was especially enjoined, in 

 his inroad into Scotland, not to spare any who were allied to the 

 cardinal either iu blood or friendship. Henry soon found in Scotland 



