62 



BERENICE. 



BERESFOKD, VISCOUNT. 



Cf2 



which were about that time imported into France from the Arabian 

 schools of Spain. Berenger was one of the first who employed logical 

 reasoning in the study of the Scriptures, which had till then beeu 

 interpreted according to tradition and the authority of the fathers. 

 They were, if not the founders, at least the promulgators of the 

 scholastic theology which became so common in the schools during 

 the middle ages. Berenger maintained the doctrine of Scotus, that 

 " the bread and wine used in the sacrament of the Eucharist were not 

 transformed into the body and blood of Christ, but preserved their 

 natural and essential qualities, and were only to be considered as 

 external symbols of the body and blood of the Saviour." Pope Leo IX. 

 procured the condemnation of Berenger's doctrine by the councils of 

 Rome and Vercelli, 1049-50, and the book of Scotus was also com- 

 mitted to the flames. Henri I. of France assembled a council at 

 Paris for the same purpose, when Berenger was again condemned and 

 threatened with temporal punishment. Pope Victor II. summoned a 

 council at Tours in 1054, at which the monk Hildebrand, afterwards 

 Gregory VII., appeared as the pope's legate. Berenger was induced 

 by denunciations and threats to retract his doctrines concerning the 

 Eucharist and to make his peace with the church. We find him soon 

 after again maintaining his former tenets, upon which Nicholas II. 

 summoned him to Rome in 1058, and the council assembled in that 

 city in the following year drew up a confession of faith on the subject 

 of the Kucharist, stating " that the bread and wine after the priest's 

 consecration were not only a sacrament, but the real body and blood 

 of Christ, and consumed as such by the faithful." Berenger signed 

 this confession, but soon after returning to France abjured it again 

 publicly. At lasl, Hildebrand, who professed a high esteem for 

 Berenger, having become Pope under the title of Gregory VII., sum- 

 moned him to Rome in 1078, when another council was held, before 

 which Berenger drew up a new confession of his doctrine, in which he 

 professed to believe that the bread and wine after consecration became 

 the true body aud blood of Christ. Berenger's enemies, not thinking 

 this declaration sufficiently explicit, another council was held in 1079, 

 and Berenger was induced to declare that bread and wine were, by 

 the mysterious influence of the words of the Redeemer, "substantially 

 changed into the true, proper, and vivifying body and blood of Christ, 

 not only in the qualities of external signs and sacramental representa- 

 tions, but in their essential properties and in substantial reality." 

 This is the famous doctrine of tran substantiation ; Berenger, in his 

 confession of the year before, seems to have attested only his belief of 

 the real presence. Such is the opinion of Mabillon and of some other 

 theologians, both Catholic and Lutheran, concerning Berenger's 

 doctrine. 



After the last declaration of Berenger, Gregory VII. showed him 

 great kindness and esteem, and allowed him to return to France ; but 

 Berenger once more retracted this his declaration of 1079. Gregory VII. 

 took no further notice of the dispute, nor of Berenger's retractation. 

 Gregory seems to have been for adhering to the words of the Scriptures, 

 " Hoc est corpus meum " (Matt. xxvi. 26), and not inquiring further 

 into the nature of the mysterious presence. 



Berenger, fatigued and grieved with this long controversy, retired 

 to St. Cosme, near Tours, where he spent the last years of his life in 

 religious and ascetic exercises until 1038, when he died. 



(Lanfranc's works; Berenger's letters in the Thaaurut Anecdotorum ; 

 Leasing, Berengariu* Turonennt, Brunswick, 1770.) 



I'.KKENl'CE (1), one of the four wives of Ptolemaeus I., the founder 

 of the dynasty of the Lagidas in Egypt, and the mother of Ptole- 

 niscus II., called Philadelphus. Berenice had a son, Magas, by a 

 former husband, who was afterwards king of Cyrene. 



Copper. Britiih Museum. Weight 308 grains. 



The head on the above coin is said to be that of Berenice, the wife 

 of the first Ptolcm;cus : the inscription on the other side ia ' King 

 Ptolemaeus.' 



BERENI'CE (2), a daughter of Ptolemcus Philadelphus by Arsiniie 

 the daughter of Lysimachus. She was the sister of Ptolemseus III., 

 Euergetes, and was given in marriage B.c. 252 by her father to 

 Antiochus II., king of Syria, called Theus or God, who divorced his 

 wife Laodice on the occasion. After the death of Philadephus, Antio- 

 chus divorced Berenice and took back Laodice, who poisoned her 

 husband and put Berenice to death together with a son whom she had 

 by Antiochus. To avenge his sister's death, Ptolemrcus III., Euergetes, 

 invadrd Syria, put to death Laodice, and overran the empire of the 



i'l.T. [I'TOLFM^US.] 



BERENI'CE (3), the wife (about B.C. 248) of Ptolemseus III., 



Euergetes ; but her parentage is doubtful. She was the daughter of 

 Magas, who was king of Cyrene and half-brother of Ptolemaous Phil- 

 adelphus on the mother's side. 



This Berenice is said to have made a vow of her hair during her 

 husband's wars in Asia. Conformably to the vow, the hair was placed 

 in the temple of Venus, from which it was stolen, but Coiion of Samoa 

 declared that it had been taken up to the skies and planed among the 

 seven stars in the lion's tail. Cailiinachus wrote a poem on the occa- 

 sion which is now only known from the beautiful translation by 

 Catullus ' De Coma Berenice." The name of Berenice occurs in the 

 fifth line of the Greek part of the Rosetta inscription, now in the 

 British Museum, with the feminine form of her husband's appella- 

 tion, Euergetis, ' the benefactress.' Berenice was put to death 

 by her son Ptolemffius IV., Philopator, and his infamous minister 

 Sosibius. 



BERENI'CE (4), otherwise called Cleopatra, the only legitimate 

 child of Ptolemteus VIII. (Soter II.), reigned six months, the lust nine- 

 teen days of them in concert with her husband Alexander II., who, 

 according to Appian and Porphyry, murdered her nineteen days after 

 the marriage, B.C. 81. It appears from Appiau that Sulla determined 

 that this Alexander, who had long been an exile from Egypt, should 

 return and share the sovereign power with Berenice. 



This coin may probably belong to this Berenice ; the inscription is 

 ' Queen Berenice.' Miouet assigns it to Berenice (3). The portraits 

 of Alexander II. and this Berenice appear frequently on the great wall 

 of sandstone which incloses the temple of Edfu, and the portrait of 

 Berenice is always the same. See Rosellini, plate xxii., figs. 80, 81 ; 

 and xxiii. 29, which is a full-length portrait of Berenice. Figs. 80, 

 81, represent respectively the heads of Alexander and Berenice, which 

 are distinguished by the handsome features that appear to have 

 characterised the descendants of the first Ptolemseus. It would seem 

 that the great sculptures of the inclosure wall of Edfu, which cover it 

 on both sides, were executed in the joint reigns of Alexander II. and 

 Berenice, from which fact Rosellini infers that a longer period must 

 be assigned to their joint reigu than the nineteen days given by the 

 chronologers. The Athenians made a bronze statue of this Berenice. 

 (Pausan. i. 9.) 



BERENI'CE (5), a daughter of Ptolema-us IX., Auletes, who began 

 to reign in Egypt B.c. 81, and sister of the celebrated Cleopatra. 

 During the absence of her father at Rome Berenice was made regent, 

 which office she held from about B.C. 58 to B.C. 55. Qabiuius, about 

 the close of B.C. 55, came to Egypt with an army and restored Auletes, 

 who put his daughter to death. Berenice first married Seleucus, the 

 pretended son of Antiochus Eusebes, a feeble man, whom, it is said. 

 she caused to be strangled ; and afterwards Archelaus, who was also 

 put to death on the restoration of Auletss. 



BERENI'CE (6), a daughter of Herodes Agrippa I., the grandson of 

 Herod the Great. (Acts xii. ; Matthew ii.) She was the sifter ot 

 Herodes Agrippa II., before whom Paul preached A.D. 63 (Acts xxv 

 13), and the wife of Herodes of Chalcis, who seems to have been hei 

 uncle, and left her a young widow. Titus, the son of Vespasian, fell 

 in love with Berenice, who had taken an active part at the time when 

 Syria declared in favour of Vespasian against Vitellius. (Tacit. ' Hist.') 

 Berenice was then a young and handsome woman. After the capture 

 of Jerusalem she came to Rome (A.D. 75), aud Titus is said to have 

 been so much attached to her that he promised to marry her; but on 

 the death of his father he sent Berenice from Rome, much against his 

 will and hers, when he found that the proposed match was disagree- 

 able to the people. Racine has written a tragedy on the subject of 

 Titus and Berenice. 



BERESFORD, WILLIAM CARR, VISCOUNT, the natural son o 

 the first Marquis of Waterford, was born on October 2, 1768. He 

 entered the army early, and while serving in Nova Scotia lost the sight 

 of an eye from the accidental shot of a brother officer in 1786. He 

 served at Toulon, at Bastia, at Calvi, and in the West Indies under 

 Abercromby, and in Egypt under Baird. In 1806, having attained 

 the rank of brigadier-general, he commanded the land forces in the 

 expedition against Buenos Ayres, and was taken prisoner, together with 

 Ms corps, but he contrived to escape shortly afterwards. In 1807 he 

 commanded the force which obtained possession of Madeira. In 1808 

 he arrived in Portugal with the English forces, and to him was con- 

 fided the organisation of the Portuguese army, including the militia. 

 This he effected so completely, that the Portuguese troops, throughout 

 the Peninsular war, showed themselves wortliy of fighting by the 

 side of their British allies. On May 4, 1811, he invested the fortress 

 at Badajoz, and on the 16th defeated Soult at Albuera. At the battle 

 of Salamanca, in 1812, he wa? wounded. He then commanded a 

 division under Wellington, and took a distinguished share in the 

 battles of Vittoria and Bayonne. On tha 10th of April 1814 he 

 attacked and carried the heights before Toulouse with great skill 

 and bravery. For his services he had been created a Portuguese 

 field-marshal, Duke of Elvas, and Marquis of Santo Campo ; and he 

 was now created a British peer by the title of Baron Beresford. In 

 the same year (1814) he was sent on a mission to Brazil : he returned 

 in 1815, and after a short visit to Portugal he repaired to Brazil 

 again. On his return he resumed the command of the army of Por- 

 tugal, at the request of the Portuguese government, but resigned it 

 at the end of a few year?, not approving of the efforts there being 



