rtERGHAUS, HEINRICH. 



P.ERQMAN, TORBERN OLOF. 



, , 



to (stabluh a conttitutional government. Ou hit return to 

 England in 1823 bo WM cnated Viscount Beresford. From 1823 to 

 1830 be WM master Rrnrral of the ordnance. He continued to take 

 a active put in politics, bring strongly attached to tbe Tory party ; 

 and in 1820, in eonseqnmce of assisting in forwarding English troop* 

 for the lupport of Don Miguel, be wai deprived of hii rank aa Portu- 

 guese field-marshal. In 1892 be bad married Louisa, hia cousin, the 

 daughter of the arcbbiahop of Tuam, and tbe wealthy widow of 

 Tbomaa Hope the banker, but left no issue. He died at Bedgebury 

 Park, Kent, on January 8, 1854. At tbe time of hia death be waa 

 governor of the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and governor 

 of the inland of Jersey. (Gentleman' t Magazine ; Pictorial Hiitory of 

 - 



BKKGH.U'S, HEINRICH, was born on May S, 1797, at Cloves, in 

 nih Prussia. After studying at Munster, Marburg, and Berlin, 

 when only fourteen years old, and acting in the royal corps for the 

 management of highways and bridges, he found frequent opportunities 

 of increasing and displaying his peodrsical knowledge. In 1815 he 

 accompanied the German army under General Tauentein, as a volun- 

 teer, into France as far as Brittany. Of this opportunity he availed 

 himself so sedulously, that in 1824 he published an oro-hydrographic 

 map of France, which is justly allowed to be the most perfect hitherto 

 compiled. A fter his return he, occupied himself partly by map con- 

 structing at Weimar, partly by surveying and measuring the heights 

 in Frauconia and Tburiugia, of which the results have been since 

 made public. In 1816 he received an appointment as geographical 

 engineer in the war department at Berlin, and from this time till 1821 

 he was occupied with the great trigonometrical survey of the Prussian 

 kingdom. He al-o took part in several important undertakings, as in 

 Weilaud's Map of the Netherlands and Reymanu's Map of Germany. 

 In 1824 ha was appointed professor iu the Berlin Academy, and 

 received permission to reside at Potsdam. Berghaua's industry and 

 productiveness is extraordinary. He has produced, among many 

 others, a Map of Africa, in 18 sheets; a most precise map of Asia, iu 

 60 sheets; a Physical Atlas, of which he was one of the first to give 

 an example ; a collection of hydro-physical sheets for the use of the 

 Prussian marines. As an author also he is equally fertile ; in union 

 with Hoffmann he issued the ' Hertha,' a collection of valuable geo- 

 graphical essays, from 1825 to 1829 ; ' Universal Geography,' in several 

 volumes, and ' Principles of Geography,' in five books. (Converiatioia- 

 Zerifam.) 



BEKGHEM, NICHOLAS, whose family name was Van Haeriem, 

 was born st Haeriem in 1624. He received his first instructions from 

 his father, a painter of still life, of no remarkable talent Afterwards 

 be became the pupil successively of Van Goyen, Jan Wils, and Wee- 

 ninx. During Lis early practice be frequently painted sea-porU and 

 shipping, and his works of that period bear a strong resemblance to 

 those of Weeninx ; but subsequently ho devoted himself almost 

 exclusively to landscape. The Works of Berghein evince great live- 

 liness of fancy, a judicious tatc in selection, and a mastery in pen- 

 cilling which lias not often been equalled. His landscapes are usually 

 enriched with architectural ruins and picturesque groups of figures 

 and cattle ; and these compositions, although evidently made up of 

 materials selected at different times and from various sources, have 

 such an air of truth, that it is difficult to believe they were not 

 copied directly from nature. Berghem bad an executive power which 

 never missed its aim ; his touch is equally free aud discriminating, 

 whether expressing the breadth and richness of masses of foliage, the 

 lightness and buoyancy of clouds, the solidity of rocks and buildings, 

 or the transparency of water ; bis distances arc graduated, both in 

 relation to lines and tints, with admirable truth of perspective; and 

 be frequently gave great grandeur to his effects by broad masses of 

 shadow, whose negative quality he perfectly understood and expressed. 

 He painted with extraordinary dispatch, but bis works betray no traces 

 of negligence ; his finishing stops at the point which unites accuracy 



Berghsm was indefatigable in tbe practice of his art, usually paint- 

 log, even during the summer months, from sunrise till sunset ; yet 

 such was bis reputation that he found it difficult, even by this un- 

 wearied diligence, to satisfy the demand for his pictures. Ho died 

 in 1683, aged fifty-nine. Deacamps, in his lives of the Flemish painters, 

 gives a long list of ISerglieui'n pictures ; there is a prodigious number 

 of them hi Holland, aud they are frequent in English collections. 

 Horn* fin* specimens an in her Majesty's collection and at Dulwiuh 

 College, bat then is no specimen in tbe National Gallery. Many of 

 his works have been finely engraved by Visacber. 



Bergbem's own etchings aud drawings were exceedingly beautiful, 

 and an eagerly sought after. A descriptive catalogue of them was 

 published by Henry de Winter at Amsterdam in 1767. 



UKKGLKR, JOSEPH, a distinguished historical punter, born at 

 SaUburg in 1763. He waa instructed by his father, and gave such 

 early evidence of Uleut, that he was sent in 1776 to complete his 

 stud** in luly, by the prince-bishop Cardinal Firumn of I'vsau. 

 In luly he studied oil and fresco five years with Martin Knoller at 

 Milan ; la Home, when be remained altogether six years, he was 



acquainted with Mengs, Canova, and Gavin Hamilton ; and Camma- 

 dni. Tischbnn, and Volpato wen his contemporary students then. 

 During this period however he visited Parma, and obtained the great 



prim of the Academy in 1784 for a picture of Samson delivered by 

 Delilah to the Philistines. He returned to Germany and settled in 

 Paasau in 1786, when he was appointed painter to tbe prince-bishop 

 Cardinal Auersperg. During his stay at Passau until 1800, he painted 

 several excellent altar-pieces for tbe churches of neighbouring towns. 

 In 1800 Bergler was made director of the Academy of Prague, and 

 his ability and activity combined enabled him to educate several very 

 able scholars, who adorned the Bohemian capital with their works ; 

 and be himself furnished altar-pieces for many of the churches of 

 Prague and its vicinity : one of his principal works at this time was 

 a Urge picture of Hermann and Thusnelda, from Klopstock's ' Her- 

 mannsschlacht.' He died at Prague in 1329. He had great facility 

 of execution, but his chief excellence consisted iu a general effective 

 style and composition of colour. He has also etched many of his own 

 designs with great ability. (Dlabacz, Kilnitler-lAncon fur Boh men ; 

 Nagler, A'eua Allyemcinet Ktinitler-Ltxieon ; Gothe, \\'incidmann 

 und win Jalir/iundrrt.) 



BERGMAN, TOUBERN OLOF, a distinguished chemist, was born 

 on the 9th of March 1735, at Catberinbcrg in West Gothland, of which 

 diitrict hia father, Berthold Bergman, was receiver of the revenues. 

 After acquiring at school some knowledge of languages, botany, and 

 natural history, he was sent at seventeen years of age to the university 

 of Upsala, and was intended by his father for the church or the bar. 

 He soon however manifested his dislike for both these professions, 

 and after some opposition ho was permitted to pursue the studies for 

 which he had a decided preference, and he eventually devoted bis time 

 to mathematics, physics, and natural history. 



He paid very considerable attention to botany, and especially to 

 grasses and mosses ; be studied entomology with success, and having 

 collected several insects previously unknown in Sweden, and some 

 even quite new, he sent specimens of them to Linnccus at Upsala, who 

 was much gratified with tbe present The first paper which he wrote, 

 and which was printed in the Memoirs of the academy of Stockholm 

 for 1756, contained a discovery of considerable importance. Iu some 

 ponds not far from Upeala a substance was observed, to which the 

 name of Coccus Aquatictu was given, but its nature was unknown; 

 Linnaeus conjectured that it might be the ovurium of some insect. 

 Bergman ascertained that it was the ovum of a species of leech, and 

 that it contained from ten to twelve young animals. 



Although mathematics and natural history occupied the greater 

 part of his time, he continued to prosecute the study of natural history 

 as an amusement In 175S he took his Master's degree, taking 

 ' Astronomical Interpolation ' for the subject of bis thesis ; and soon 

 after he was appointed Magistcr Docens in the university of Upsala, 

 and while in this situation be wrote several ingenious papers on the 

 aurora boroalUi, the rainbow, twilight, 4c, In 1701 he was appointed 

 Adjunct in mathematics and physics, and his name is aiming tho 

 astronomical observers of the first transit of Venus over tho sun iu 

 1761, whose results deserve the greatest confidence : he also made 

 some important observations on the electricity of the tourmaline. 



In 1767 Wallerius resigned the professorship of chemistry iu the 

 university of Upsala. Bergman immediately offered himself as a 

 candidate, and to prove his fitness for tho place, he published two 

 dissertations on the manufacture of alum ; and ultimately succeeded. 

 After his appointment he was assiduously occupied with the duties of 

 his office, and he frequently published dissertations on important 

 branches of chemistry. In 1776 Frederick of Prussia endeavoured to 

 prevail upon him to become a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences 

 and to settle at Berlin. Tho offer was highly advantageous, but the 

 king of Sweden, who bad been his benefactor, was unwilling to part 

 with him ; on this occasion he was knighted and received a pension of 

 150 rix-dollars. The health of Bergman appears always to have been 

 delicate, and it was permanently injured by his intense application to 

 study when he first went to Upsala; in summer he occasionally repaired 

 to the waters of Medevi, a mineral spring which is celebrated in Sweden, 

 and there, on the 8th of July 1784, he died. 



It is impossible to give an account of all the writings of Bergman, 

 for they amount to 106 ; they are all collected into six octavo volumes, 

 entitled < Opuscula Torberni Bergman Physica et Chemica,' excepting 

 a few of the less important. 



The first chemical memoir which he published was 'On the A<-ri il 

 Acid,' and printed in 1774; be shows that this gaseous body, now 

 called carbonic acid, possesses acid properties, and is capable of com- 

 bining with bases and forming suits with them. It is to be observed 

 that he makes no mention of the previous labours of Dr. Black on this 

 subject In 1778 appeared his paper 'On the Analysis of Mineral 

 Water*.' In this memoir he adverts to many circumstances connected 

 with their general character and sources, aud points out the principal 

 re agents and precipitents used in their examination ; the results of 

 hit analysis were not accurate, but they were better than those which 

 had previously appeared. His paper on alum ban already been men- 

 tioned; and although he was well' acquainted with the process of 

 manufacturing it iu Sweden, he was unacquainted with the true nature 

 of the salt In his dissertation on emetic tartar he gives a full 

 historical detail of the modes of preparing it, and its uses ; but being 

 unacquainted with the nature of the different oxides of antimony, his 

 ideas as to tho antimouial preparations best fitted to form it are not 

 accurate. His memoir on the forms of crystals contains the germ of 



