663 



BERNARD, EDWARD. 



BERNERS, LORD. 



Musique, studied composition at first under Lesueur, and finally under 

 Reicba. In 1828 he won the second prize, in 1830 the first prize at 

 the Conservatoire by his cantata of ' Sardanapalus.' This gave him the 

 privilege of visiting Italy as a pensionary of the Academy of Fine 

 Arts. In Italy he remained eighteen months, displaying a fantastic, 

 irregular, but rich musical taste. On his return he produced at the 

 Conservatoire an overture to ' King Lear ; ' and ' Harold,' a symphony, 

 was also performed there about 1833. In 1837 he produced a 

 Requiem, performed in the church of the Invalides at the funeral of 

 General Damre'inont, with marvellous effect. This was followed by 

 ' Beuvenuto Cellini,' an opera in two acts, represented on September 3, 

 1838. It did not succeed : it had abandoned the old rules of art, and 

 it gave rise to a war of words, in which the very fundamental prin- 

 ciples of the art had to be discussed, and during which passion gave 

 little opportunity of judging impartially either the merits or defects 

 of the work. In November 1839 the grand dramatic symphony of 

 'Romeo and Juliet' was performed at the Conservatoire, and pro- 

 duced a vivid sensation. Shortly afterwards Berlioz was decorated 

 with the cross of the Legion of Honour. The ' Symphonic funebre 

 et triomphale,' written in 1840, for the inauguration of the column in 

 the Place de U Bastille, added considerably to his reputation. He 

 has greatly distinguished himself as the conductor of an orchestra, 

 and it was to him that the great reunion of 1200 musicians was owing, 

 which, iu 1840, under his conduct, performed the Hymn to France, 

 which he had written for the occasion. He has since that date con- 

 ducted numerous concerts in Germany, Russia, and in England. 



Though there may be various opinions of M. Berlioz's rank as a 

 musician, all must agree that his compositions have a style and an 

 individuality which must teed to increase the sphere of the art. 

 M. Berlioz is also well known as an accomplished musical critic, having 

 been the recognised contributor in that capacity to the ' Journal des 

 Debats.' He is at present librarian to the Conservatoire de Musique. 

 Wo have not attempted to give a catalogue of his works : they are 

 very numerous, and constantly increasing. 



(Conversations- Lexikon ; NourMe Biographic Univcnelle.) 

 BERNARD, EDWARD, was born May 2, 1638, at Pauler'a Perry, 

 near Towcester, in Northamptonshire, of which place his father was 

 rector. He was educated first at Northampton, and afterward? at the 

 Merchant Tailors' school, London, under Dugard. In Juno 1055 he 

 was elected scholar of St. John's College, Oxford. Here he turned his 

 attention to the Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Coptic languages, in 

 addition to the pursuits of the place, and also to mathematics, which 

 he studied under Wallis. In 1658 he was made Fellow of his college, 

 B.A. in 1659, M.A. in 1662, B.D. in 1667, and D.D. in 1684. In 1668 

 he went to Leyden to consult manuscripts, and brought home the 

 three books of Apollonius, which Oolius had brought from the east 

 About 1669, Christopher Wren being appointed architect to the king, 

 obtained leave to have a deputy for the duties of the Savilian pro- 

 fessorship of astronomy, and he appointed Bernard. The latter 

 obtained at the same time a living and a chaplaincy ; but these he 

 resigned in 1673, when Wren finally resigned his professorship. The 

 Savilian professors ore not allowed to hold any church preferment, and 

 Bernard at this time desired to succeed Wren. This he did against 

 the advice of friends, who were unwilling that he should quit the road 

 of preferment. The design which was then formed, and afterwards 

 executed, of reprinting all the old mathematicians at Oxford, seems 

 to have been his great inducement. In 1676 be went to France as 

 tutor to the dukes of Qrafton and Northumberland, the sous of 

 Charles II. by the Duchess of Cleveland. He staid only a year, not 

 being satisfied (Dr. Smith bints) with the treatment lie received. In 

 1683 he went to Holland, to be present at the sale of the library of 

 ius; and being now disgusted with his situation at Oxford, 

 would have remained at Leyden if he could have obtained the pro- 

 fessorship oi Oriental languages. He was however unable to obtain 

 any means of extricating himself till the year 1691, when Mewes, 

 bishop of Winchester, gave him the rectory of BrK-htwell in Berkshire. 

 He was succeeded in the professorship by David Gregory, and subse 

 quently by Halley. Under the*e two the reprints of the old mathe 

 maticians were made which distinguished the Oxford press of that 

 period ; and the labours of Dr. Bernard, who passed his life in 

 Marching for and collating manuscripts, were of the greatest prelimi- 

 nary service. In 1 693 he married ; in 1 696 he went again to Holland, 

 to be present at the sale of the library of Golius. He died at Oxford 

 soon after his return, January 1697, having lived a most industrious 

 and useful life. He left behind him a large number of papers, some 

 of them unfinished. Of his printed works, the most important was 

 ' Of the Ancient Weights and Measures,' published at the end ol 

 Fococke's Commentary on Hosea, Oxford, 1685; reprinted with large 

 additions, Oxford, 1688, in Latin, under the title of 'De Mensuri.s et 

 Ponderibus Antiquis libri tres.' It contains a good index, and an 

 appended letter by Hyde, on the Chinese weights and measures. This 

 is a work of learning, and one of the best which remain on the 

 subject. Arbuthnot, in his work on ancient weights and measures, 

 never cites it, and does not seem to be aware of its existence, which, 

 considering the nature of the subject, very much adds to the utility 

 of both works for the purposes of comparison, unless the second work 

 be taken from the firat, of which we do not see any very obvious 

 ligns. The work of Ariatarchus, as published by Wallii, was collated 



iy Bernard, and the result of his collation of the text of Euclid may 

 B said to be published in Gregory's celebrated edition. A life of 

 Bernard was published in 1704 by Dr. J. Smith, in which a catalogue 

 >f both his unpublished papers and his printed works will be found. 



BERNARD, ST., abbot of Clairvaux, was born at Fontaine, in 

 Burgundy, in the year 1091. His father was Teceliuus, a nobleman 

 and a soldier : his mother's name was Aleth. Both his parents were 

 >ersous of great piety, according to the notions of that age. Bernard 

 was the third of seven children. From his infancy he was devoted to 

 religion and study, and after having been educated at the university 

 of Paris, at that time one of the most celebrated seats of learning in 

 Surope, at the age of twenty two he entered the Cistercian monastery 

 of Citeaux, near Dijon in Burgundy. His influence on the minds of 

 others, even at that early age, is shown by his inducing upwards of 

 ihirty of his companions, including his five brothers, to accompany 

 lim in his retreat. The Cistercian order was at that time the strictest 

 in France, and Bernard so recommended himself by the most rigorous 

 jractice of its austerities, that in the year 1115 he was selected as 

 lead of the colony which founded the abbey of Clairvaux in Chain- 

 lague. For some time he practised such severities as to injure his 

 lealth, but he afterwards acknowledged his error, and relaxed his 

 discipline, both with respect to himself and others. 



His reputation soon rose so high, that in 1128 he was employed by 

 the grand master of the Templars to draw up the statutes of that 

 order. Such was his influence, that he prevailed on the king, clergy, 

 and nobility of France assembled at Etampes, near Paris, to acknow- 

 edge Innocent II. as legitimate pope, in opposition to his competitor 

 Anaclete ("L'Art de verifier les Dates,' Concilium Stampense and Inno- 

 cent II.), and afterwards succeeded iu obtaining the same acknow- 

 ledgment from Henry I. of England. Some time after he was offered 

 the archbishopric of Milan by the clergy of that city, which he 

 refused. In the course of his life he also refused the archbishoprics 

 of Genoa and Rheims, as well as many other ecclesiastical dignities. 

 Having condemned as heretical some propositions in the works of the 

 celebrated Abelard, he was challenged by him to a public controversy. 

 At first he wished to decline the challenge, but at last accepted it, at 

 the pressing instances of his friends. In the year 1140 they met at 

 the council of Sens in Champagne, but before the discussion was 

 completed, Abelard appealed to the pope ; the council agreed with 

 Bernard in condemning the propositions, and by order of the Pope, 

 Abelard was confined iu the monastery of Cluni, in Burgundy. 



At the council of Vdzelai, on the confines of Burgundy and Niver- 

 nois, in the year 1146, Bernard persuaded the king ami nobility of 

 France to enter on a crusade. On this occasion he went so far as to 

 claim inspiration, and to prophesy the success of the undertaking. 

 This is the most reprehensible part of his career, and he attempted to 

 cover the failure of his prophecy by a poor quibble. Iu the same year 

 a council was held at Chartres, where the crusaders offered St. Bernard 

 the command of the army, which he refused. In 1147, at the council 

 of Paris, he attacked the doctrine of Gilbert de la Porre"e, bishop of 

 Poitiers, on the Trinity ; and in the following year, at the council of 

 Rheima, procured its condemnation. During the course of his life he 

 successfully combated several other heresies. The last act of hi M 

 career was his mediation between the people of Mentz and some 

 neighbouring princes. On his return to his convent he fell ill a-id 

 died iu 1153. He was canonised in the year 1174, by Pope Alex- 

 ander III., and the Roman Church celebrates his festival on the 20th 

 of August. His works, which have procured for him from Komau 

 Catholic writers the honourable appellation of the last of the fathers, 

 have been repeatedly published. The best edition is that by Mabillon, 

 2 vols. folio, Paris, 1719, which, besides his undoubted works, contains 

 several productions attributed to him on less authority. 



(Miluer, History of the Church ; Waddingtou, History of the Church ; 

 Mosheim, Ecclesiastical History ; Neander, St. Bernard and his 

 Times.) 



BERNERS, JOHN BOURCHIER, LORD, was born about the 

 year 1474. He was the eldest son of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, who 

 was the son of Sir John Bourchier, the fourth son of the Earl of Ewe 

 by his wife Anne, daughter of Thomas, duke of Gloucester, the 

 youngest son of Edward III. Tliis Sir John was created Lord Berneri 

 in honour of the family of his wife Margery, who was. the daughter 

 and heiress of Richard Lord Berners, the father, as it is supposed, of 

 Juliana Berners, the authoress of part of the famous book on field- 

 sports. Admitting the presumptive evidence in favour of Juliana's 

 connection with this family, it is pleasant to find two persons in it, of 

 different sexes, so honourably distinguished. 



The Bourchier family adhered to the house of York during the war 

 of the Roses; and Sir Humphrey Bourchier was killed at the battle 

 of Barnet in 1471 ia support of its cause, being, according to Hall, the 

 only person of rank on Edward's side who was shin in the action. 

 His sou, the subject of the present notice, succeeded his grandfather 

 when he was only seven years of age, and when he was only eleven 

 the Order of the Bath was given him by Edward IV. Lord Bernera 

 was sent to Oxford at an early age, as was then the custom, and Wood 

 believes, but is not certain, that he was educated at Balliol College, 

 and adds, "after he had left the university he travelled into divers 

 countries, and returned a master of several languages and a complete 

 gentleman." His youth and absence prevented him from taking any 



