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BOXAPARTE, CHARLES LUC1EN. 



BONE, HENRY, R.A. 



Jerome king of Westphalia. Jerome directed all his energies to tbc 

 performance of hia royal duties. He was compelled to net in a great 

 I u the deputy of Napoleon, but he did not beaitate to exercue 

 i judgment. He Mt about the restoration of tlie national 

 the removal of administrative abuses, the reformation of 

 institution*, and the establishment of religioua freedom ; and 

 following the example, perbapa obeying the directions, of the emperor, 

 be commenced the embellUbment of the capital, Cassel. But though 

 be gained to a considerable extent the good will of hia subjects he 

 failed to satisfy his brother, who on several occaaioui loaded him 

 with reproaches, and more than once summoned him to Paris, the 

 better to enforce hia instructions. In the Ituseisn campaign Napo- 

 leon gare Jerome the command of a Herman dirision, numbering 

 70,000 men. with which he rendered good service on more than one 

 occasion. But suffering himself to be surprised at Smolensk, he was 

 summoned before the emperor, who, after angrily reproaching him 

 with disconcerting his plans, dismissed him from his command, which 

 be gate to General Hegnier, and sent him back to Germany. When 

 in the following year the Preach forces were driven out of Germany, 

 Jerome was compelled to abandon bis kingdom (October 26, 1818) 

 and take refuge in France. On the abdication of Napoleon J drome 

 and his wife, after a brief stay at Wurtemberg, settled in Italy. He 

 was watched by the Austrian government, but, by the aid of Murat, 

 succeeded, on his brother's return from Elba, in escaping surveillance, 

 and joined the emperor at Paris. He was favourably received, took 

 part in the various public solemnities, and was called to the Chamber 

 of Peers. Jor6me accompanied Napoleon to Waterloo, and distin- 

 guished himself by his repeated gallant, though unsuccessful attacks 

 on the chateau of Hougoumont In this affair Jerome received a 

 alight wound in the arm. 



After Napoleon's final abdication, Jerome, proscribed with the rest 

 of bis famijy from France, after wandering for awhile about Switzer- 

 land, returned to Wurtemberg, where his father-in-law conferred on 

 him the title of Prince of Montfort, with a handsome estate. Somewhat 

 later he removed to the neighbourhood of Vienna, and afterwards to 

 Trieste, where he purchased a palace. When his nephew Louis 

 Napoleon bad become the ruler of France, JeVome was recalled to 

 Paris ; and shortly after the old man who bad already witnessed so 

 many vicissitudes, was by the new Emperor named Harechal of France, 

 president of the Senate, and, in failure of direct succession, heir to the 

 Imperial throne. Prince Jerome has lived to see a son born to the 

 emperor, and no doubt shares in the general hope that in him the 

 Bonaparte dynasty may be firmly established. The only son of Prince 

 Jdrome by his first wife is married to an American lady, and settled as 

 a citisen of the United States. By his second wife, who died Novem- 

 ber 28, 1835, Prince Jerome had three children, of whom two, a son, 

 I'IUM K NAPOLEON, noticed below, and a daughter, are still living. 



CIIAHLES LUCIKX Ji-Lt LAWRENCE BONAPARTE, PRINCE or CANINO, 

 eldest son of Lucien Bonaparte, was born at Paris, Hay 24, 1803. He 

 received a careful education, and has always exhibited a much greater 

 attachment to literary and scientific than political pursuits. As a 

 naturalist the Prince of Canino has acquired great distinction. In 

 ornithology especially, he is generally regarded as one of the chief 

 living authorities; and he has been elected a member of nearly all the 

 principal learned societies of Europe and America. For some years 

 the prince resided in the United States, and it was by his writings on 

 the birds of America that he first made himself known to the scientific 

 world. His chief publications are a continuation of Wilson's ' Orui 

 thology of America ' in four folio volumes ; snd the ' Iconografia della 

 Fauna Italic*,' a splendidly illustrated work in three volumes fulio. 

 But besides thrse be has published numerous essays snd memoirs on 

 particular portions of American ornithology, and on other branches ol 

 natural history in the scientific journals of the United States and 

 Europe. The prince has always been the zealous friend and patron of 

 the votaries of science, and for many years he was the chief promoter 

 of the annual congresses of the scientific men of Italy. 



1'imce Charles Bonaparte married at BrusseU, June 29tb, 1822, 

 Zenaide-Cbarlotte, daughter of his uncle Joseph bonaparte, by whom 

 he has bad ten children, of whom three eons and five daughters are 

 living. 



Lorn LCCIEX BONAPARTE, second ton of Lucien Bonaparte, was 

 born in Worcestershire, January 4, 1813, during his father's residence 

 in England. He was educated chiefly at Kome, and he early imbibed 

 the literary and scientific tastes which distinguished his father and 

 elder brother. He has written much on scientific subjects, particu- 

 larly on chemistry ; and he was for many years one of the most active 

 and influential members of the annual congress of the scientific men 

 of Italy. Of late ytars be has chiefly devoted hi* leisure hours to 

 philosophical and linguistic studies. After the election of his cousin, 

 the present emperor, u president of the French republic, Prince Louis 

 Lucien, with most of the other members of the Bonaparte family, 

 went to Paris, snd took his place as a citizen of France. He was 

 returned to the Legislative Assembly as deputy for the departim nt of 

 the Seine ; and on the establishment of the empire he wss made a 

 member of the senate. 



NAPOLEON Joaxra CHARLES PAUL BONAPARTE, second and only 

 surviving son of Jerome Bonaparte by his second wife, the princess 

 Fredenque of Wurtemberg, was born September , 1822. lie was 



educated chiefly in Austria and Italy, but be subsequently travelled 

 in Switzerland, America, and Brussels, in each of which places he 

 resided some time. His first appearance on the political stage was 

 after the recal of the Bonaparte family to Paris, under the presidency 

 of Prince Louis Napoleon. Being i looted a member of the Legislative 

 Assembly, the prince Napoleon distinguished himself by his energetic 

 support of ultra opinions, and soon became the recognised leader of 

 the party of the Mountain. Since the accession of Napoleon 111. to 

 the imperial crown, Prince Napoleon has abandoned extreme political 

 views, and has become one of the most devoted and valuable sup- 

 porters of the policy of the emperor, by whom he is much esteemed 

 and trusted. When the Anglo-French army was despatched to the 

 Crimea, Prince Napoleon received the command of a division of the 

 French army. He fought with distinction at the Alma ; but his health 

 gave way soon after the army had encamped before Sebatopol, and 

 be was compelled to resign his command and return to Fmnce. Of 

 the grand council of war which afterwards met at Paris to arrange 

 the campaign of 1855, Prince Napoleon was a member. But he was 

 soon called to a more peaceful pursuit When the grand exposition 

 of the arts and manufactures of all nations at Paris was fixed to take 

 place in 1855, Prince Napoleon was appointed president and chief 

 director of the whole proceedings. To this great work he devoted all 

 his energies, and it is universally admitted that much of its success was 

 owing to his great knowledge, tact, aduiini-trative ability, and untiring 

 diligence. The jurors, and especially the foreign jurors, were parti- 

 cularly indebted to him for tlie most friendly assistance and constant 

 support ; and the exhibitors owed no little to bis teal and sympathy. 

 The Prince Napoleon has devoted great attention to political, social, 

 and commercial btudies ; and in respect to the commercial code of 

 France he is understood to hold opinions far more liberal than those 

 of the great bulk even of the comtiK-ivi.d public of that country. 



BONASO'Nl, GIULIO, a native of liologna, was bom probably 

 about 1498. It is conjectured that he studied pointing under Lorenzo 

 Sabbatini, but hi) few pictures which remain do not exhibit any 

 extraordinary power. As an engraver be is excelled by few, for, 

 though defective in the mechanical treatment of the plate, he exhibits 

 great artistic feeling. He wrought almost entirely with tins burin; 

 and if he fails occasionally in the outline, he always catches the spirit 

 of his original. His copies are so free, and yet so delicate and 

 expressive, that they might be taken for original designs. His drawing 

 is frequently uncertain, yet bis versions of the great works which he 

 copied are more valuable than there of many later and more dexterous 

 artists. He has engraved from the works of Raphael, Michel Angelo, 

 Titian, Parmigiano, and many of the other great painters. He has left 

 many engravings from original designs which, though somewhat IV. -1.1. 

 in effect, are characterised by much grace and agreeable simplicity. 

 The date of his death is uncertain, but he was alive in 1;>7-. 



BONAVENTU'RA, ST., was born in Bognorea in 1221. At twenty- 

 one years of age he became a friar of the order of .St. Francis, and was 

 sent by his superiors to Paris. He, ns well as Thomas Aquinas of tlie 

 Dominican Order, became involved in contentions with the University 

 of Paris, which denied the academical honours, as well as the exercise 

 of public professorship, to individuals of the mendicant orders. Pope 

 Alexander IV. being appealed to, summoned the parties before him at 

 Anagni, snd gave sentence in favour of the mendicant orders; and 

 after some resistance by the university, a sort of compromise took place 

 in 1257, and Bona vent urn received his doctor' a degree. He had already 

 been elected general of his order, in which capacity be enforced : 

 discipline, giving himself tlie first example of implicit adherence to tho 

 monastic rules and regulations. Retiring to the couvent on Mount 

 Alvernia in Tuscany, he wrote ' Vita Sancti Francisci,' and also an 

 ascetic work, ' Ittuerai him Mentis in Deurn,' for which lost he received 

 the appellation of the ' Seraphic Doctor.' Hia previous works weie 

 chiefly controversial. On the death of Pope Clement IV. in 1'JO tlie 

 cardinals could not agree for a long time in the choice of his successor, 

 and the see of Rome had remained vacant for nearly three years, whtn 

 Bonavcntura succeed ed by his eloquent exhortations in r< couciling their 

 difference*, and producing unanimity of votes in favour of Tedaldus 

 Visconti, afterwards Gregory X. The new pope appointed lionavent ui ;i 

 bishop of Alliano, and took him with him to the council of Lyon. 

 Bonaveutura was actively engaged in the labours of the council when 

 he was stopped by death in 1274. His funeral was attended by the 

 pope, the cardinals, the patriarchs of Constantinople and of Antiocli, 

 and by more than five hundred bishops. His character for sanctity 

 was already established in the popular opinion, and Dante, who wrote 

 not many years after his death, places him among the saints in canto 12 

 of the 'Paradiso.' Bonaventura was afterwards regularly canonised by 

 the Church. His works have been collected in 9 vols. folio, Rome, 1588 ; 

 and 13 vols, 4to, Venice, IT.'.l, to which last edition a well-written li!<- 

 of Bonavcntura is prefixed. Luther places Bonaventura above all 

 scholastic theologians. Several works have been attributed to Bona- 

 ventura which do not belong to him, but which have furnished nn 

 opportunity to Voltaire and other critics for throwing ridicule upon 

 the supposed author, (liitierlatio Dt Sujipoatiin, and Life of . 

 rrnluiu, prefixed to the Venice edition of bis works.) 



BONK, III.NUY, R.A., the most distinguished enamel-painter of his 

 time, was the son of a cabinet chair-maker at Truro in Cornwall, 

 where he was born in 1706. He woo apprenticed to a china manu- 



