517 



BONET, JOHN PAUL. 



BONHEUR. ROSA. 



819 



ficturer of tbe name of Cockwortby at Bristol. In 1779 he went to 

 London, where he was for many years chiefly employed by jewellers 

 and others in enamel-painting for watch-cases, brooches, lockets, and 

 the like. He first attracted public notice by an enamel portrait of 

 his wife, which be exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1780, and by an 

 original picture of a ' Muse and Cupid,' which, though only five inches 

 and a quarter by four inches and a quarter, was at that time considered 

 to be of extraordinary dimensions: it was engraved in 1790 by R. 

 Dagley. In a few years he was enabled to decline the drudgery of his 

 profession, and to confine himself to miniature- and to enamel-painting, 

 and he executed on enamel many of his own miniatures. In 1800 his 

 reputation was established by the appointment of enamel-paiuter to 

 the Prince of Wales, a distinction which was succeeded in the following 

 year by his election as an Associate of the Royal Academy ; and he 

 was successively appointed enamel-painter to George III., George IV., 

 and William IV. He was elected a full academician in 1811, and for 

 twenty years from this time he was assiduously employed in producing 

 a long succession of admirable works, most of them of unprecedented 

 dimensions; but about 1831 his advanced years compelled him to cease 

 big professional labours. He died in December 1834, aged 79. 



The following are Bone's principal works : ' The Death of Dido ;' 

 ' Cymon aud Iphigenia ;' ' Venus ;' and ' Hope nursing Love,' after Sir 

 Joshua Reynolds ; a copy of the picture of ' Bacchus and Ariadne,' by 

 Titian, now in the National Gallery, eighteen inches by sixteen inches 

 and a half, dimensions up to this time unapproached except by him- 

 self, it was purchased by George Bowles, Kaq., of Cavendish Square, 

 for 2200 guineas : a ' Venus recumbent,' after Titian ; ' Bathsheba,' 

 after N. Poussiu ; ' La Belle Vierge,' after Raphael ; and an ' Assumption 

 of the Virgin,' after Murillo. He also executed a series of portraits of 

 the Russell family, from the reign of Henry VII. to the present time, 

 executed for the late Duke of Bedford, and now at Woburn Abbey ; 

 a set of portraits of the principal royalists distinguished during the 

 civil war of Charles I., for J. P. Ord, Esq., of Edge Hill, near Derby, 

 which Bone left unfinished at his death its completion was undertaken 

 by his BOD, H. P. Bone, the present excellent enamel-painter, who in 

 all the great works was his father's assistant ; and, finally, his greatest 

 and most interesting work, a series of eighty-five portraits of distin- 

 guished persons in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, varying in size from 

 five inches by four to thirteen inches by eight. This last series remained 

 in the possession of the artist during his life, but it was his desire that 

 after his decease it should be offered to the government for purchase, 

 which was accordingly done ; but although at the moderate price of 

 50001., the government declined the purchase. The sum was considered 

 too much for a collection comprising eighty-five portraits admirably 

 copied in enamel, nearly all from authentic originals, of the most 

 distinguished characters of one of the most interesting periods of 

 English history. They were disposed of by public sale, and the greater 

 part of them were purchased by W. J. Banker, Esq. 



BONET, JOHN PAUL, is said to have been attached to the secret 

 service of the king of Spain ; he was also secretary to the constable of 

 Castile, out of friendship towards whom he undertook the instruction 

 of his brother, who had been deaf and dumb from the age of two years. 

 Only one person is known to have approached to success in the art of 

 instructing deaf-mutes, previous to Bonet. This was Peter Ponce, 

 also a Spaniard, and a monk of the order of St. Benedict, who must be 

 regarded as the first instructor of the deaf and dumb. It does not 

 appear that Bouet had any acquaintance with the means pursued by 

 bis predecessor ; he represents himself as the inventor of tbe methods 

 which he describes. (De Gerando, ' Do 1'Education des Sourds-Muets,' 

 torn. i. p. 312.) He published at Madrid in 1620 a work which is 

 now very rare : it is entitled ' Reduccion de las Lettras, y arte para 

 cusenar a bablar los Mudos.' Having remarked that the deaf are only 

 mute by reason of their deafness, he explains how various kinds of 

 knowledge may be imparted to them by means of sight, to which they 

 are unable to arrive by the ear. In the instruction of deaf-mutes 

 Bonet made use of artificial pronunciation, the manual alphabet, 

 writing, and gesture or the language of signs. Minute details of the 

 proceedings of the instructor on these several heads are contained in 

 liis work. He taught bis pupils to understand the Spanish language, 

 and the rules of grammar. The Abbd de I'Epe'e designates M. Bonet's 

 work as one of his " excellent guides " in the earlier part of his expe- 

 rience a* an instructor of the deaf and dumb, and the manual alphabet 

 which the abbe adopted, and which is at present used in the institu- 

 tions on the continent of Europe and in America, is nearly the same 

 M the one given in that work. An account of the success of Bonet 

 has been lett by Sir Kenehn Digby, in his treatise ' Of Bodies,' chap. 28. 

 Sir Kenelm Digby and other authors speak of Bonet as a priest : he is 

 also nid to have been in the service of the prince of Carignan, and to 

 have continued his employment as a teacher of the deaf and dumb for 

 many years. 



liONET (or BONNET), THEOPHILUS, an eminent physician, was 

 born at Geneva on the 5th of March, 1620. His family was originally 

 Italian and of noble rank, but hi* ancestors had removed from Rome 

 to the south of France about a century previous, in order to enjoy 

 the free exercise of their rtligion. His grandfather was for a time 

 physician to Charles-Emmanuel, duke of Savoy ; but he afterwards 

 removed to Lyon. Andrew Bouet, the father of Theophilus, also 

 practised medicine. He had two sons, John and Tbeopbilus, both ol 

 BIOO. Drv. vol. i. 



whom followed their father's profession ; but though John arrived at 

 great eminence, he left no work to testify his ability. Theophilus, 

 after having visited many of the most celebrated universities, took the 

 degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1643, and soon after became physician 

 ;o the Duke of Longueville. 



During the course of his practice he was diligent in collecting 

 observations on the progress aud terminations of diseases, which 

 'ormed the basis of his subsequent publications. His earliest work 

 was ' Pharos Medicorum, id est, Cautelae, Animadversiones et Observa- 

 tiones Practical,' Geneva, 1663, 2 vols. 12mo. Each time this work 

 was reprinted he enlarged it and altered the title, so that the edition 

 of 1679 was called ' Labyrinthus Medicus extricatus,' 4to, Genera ; 

 ind that of 1687, 'Methodus Vitandorum Errorum qui in Praxi 

 occurrunt,' 4to. 



Incurable deafness having compelled him to retire from practice, he 

 devoted his time to digesting his observations, and published his cele- 

 brated work, in 1679, entitled ' Sepulchretum, seu Anatomia Practica,' 



2 vols. folio, Geneva, which Mangetus republished with additions at 

 Geneva in 1700, 3 vols. folio. This formed the basis of the great work 

 of Morgagni, ' De Causis et Sedibus Morborum.' The other works of 

 Bonet attest his industry, but are of less utility : ' Mercurius Com- 

 pilatitius, seu Index Medico-Practicus,' Geneva, 1683, folio; 'Medicina 

 Septentrionalis Collatitia,' Geneva, 1685, 2 vols. folio; ' Polyalthes,' 



3 vols. folio, Geneva, 1690, 1691, 1693. This is a bulky commentary 

 on 'Johnston! Syntagma Nosocomices.' Bonet became subject to 

 dropsy, and died on the 29th of March, 1689, in the seventieth year 

 of his age. He possessed great knowledge, and was distinguished for 

 bis modesty and affability. 



(Eloy, Dictionnaire ffiatoriqtte.) 



BONFA'DIO, JA'COPO, was born in the beginning of the 16th 

 century at Gazzano, near Salu, on the banks of the Lake of Garda. He 

 studied at Padua, and afterwards proceeded to Rome, where he became 

 secretary to Cardinal di Bari, with whom he remained three years, 

 which he mentions in his letters as the happiest of his life. On his 

 death ho entered the service of Cardinal Ghinucci, but shortly after 

 quitted it, aud went to Naples. He afterwards wandered about several 

 parts of Italy until about 1540, when he was invited to Padua to under- 

 take the education of Bembo's son Torquato. Bonfadio appears to have 

 remained at Padua five years. Having accepted in 1545 the professor- 

 ship of philosophy in Genoa, he was commissioned to write the history 

 of the republic. He began it from the year 1528, where Foglietta had 

 closed his narrative, and continued it till the year 1550. The work, 

 which is written in Latin, is entitled 'Annalium Geuuentium Libri 

 Quinque,' and was published after his death at Pavia, 1586. It was 

 translated into Italian and published at Genoa the same year. In 

 describing the organic changes effected in the constitution by Andrea 

 Doria in 1528, the conspiracy of Fieschi, and other then recent events, 

 Bonfadio spoke of several individuals connected with those factions in 

 a tone which probably offended their relatives, who were still powerful 

 at Genoa. However this may be, he was arrested in the year 1550, 

 and condemned for a very different crime to be burnt. Several con- 

 temporary or nearly contemporary writers assert that he actually 

 underwent that punishment, while others say that on the intercession 

 of powerful friends he was beheaded in prison, and his body afterwards 

 burnt. The statements of the various contemporary writers who relate 

 this catastrophe are given in substance by Bayle, and at length by 

 Mazzuchelli ; but the question of Bonfadio's guilt, of his exact fate, 

 and even the date when it occurred, is left in doubt. The proceedings 

 of trials at that time were secret, and even the charges on which capital 

 sentences were founded were not always made known to the public. 

 Bonfadio's ' Genoese Annals ' are generally admired for their style, 

 which in many .passages reminds the reader of Sallust. Boufadio's 

 Italian ' Letters,' already mentioned, have been collected and published 

 by Mazzuchelli (Brescia, 1746). They are considered among the best 

 specimens of Italian epistolary composition, and are also interesting 

 for the descriptions of places, manners, and incidents. Bonfadio also 

 wrote 'Carmina,' 12mo, Verona, 1740 ; 'Rime,' which are found scat- 

 tered in various collections; and an Italian translation of ' Cicero pro 

 Milone." 



*BONHEUR, ROSA, was born at Bordeaux, March 22nd, 1822. 

 Evincing very early a decided predilection for art, her father, himself 

 a painter of considerable ability, sedulously cultivated her powers and 

 guided her tastes. As it became evident that landscapes and animals 

 were what chiefly interested her, and what she exhibited most skill in 

 representing, her father as was the case with our own Landseer 

 very judiciously took her out constantly to observe, sketch, and paint 

 in the open country, and from living animals during their ordinary 

 unconstrained movements. A part of her course of study consisted in 

 the practice common with the old masters in painting, but somewhat 

 unusual among modern painters, of free modelling from life. Mdlle. 

 Bonheur first sent specimens of her skill to the Exposition of 1841, 

 at which two small pictures were exhibited by her, entitled ' Deux 

 Lapins ' and ' Chevres et Moutons :' they were admired, but did not 

 suggest that they were the work of so original and remarkable an artist 

 as their painter has since proved to be. From this time Mdlle. Bonheur 

 has seldom allowed a year to pass without sending some pictures to 

 the exposition. For some years her studies lay chiefly among horses 

 and sheep, with the peasants who were their attendants; and the 



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