II* 



BONIFACE, SAINT. 



BONIFACE Vlir. 



of the exposition continued to afford luoh iMe a* ' Le 

 Chaval a Vendre,' ' Cbevanx sortaut da 1'Abreuvoir,' ' Chevaux dans una 

 Prairie,' ' Mouton* *t Cuevr**,' and the like. But (be WM steadily 

 advancing in her art, gaining firmness of band, decision of touch, a 

 better eye for colour, and confidence in her own power*. The range 

 of her subject* widened, and aha enlarged the aUe of her canvaana. 

 Among the work* which attracted notice were ' La* Troi* Mouaque- 

 tain*,' ' Un Troupeau Cherninant,' ' La Rencontre.' an ' Effet du Matin,' 

 Ac. In 1848 aba exhibited a 'Bull' and a 'Sheep,' modelled by 

 hanalf in bronco. Her fame roae to it* hihe*t in 1850, when *he 

 exhibited her great work, ' La Labourage Niveroaif,' which excited 

 great interest in Paris, and received the honour which i* the crowning 

 ambition of the French artist a place in the gallery of the Luxem- 

 bourg. The chief work* the ha* since painted, ' Vaches et Moutons 

 dan* nn Chamin Creux,' and 'La Marchd aux Chevaux,' exhibited 

 unfinished in Pan*, fully iiutained the reputation acquired by her 

 ' Labounge Nivernais.' Tba ' Marohrf aux Ohevaux,' when exhibited 

 at the French Exhibition in London in 1855 a* the ' Hone-Fair,' exciUd 

 a very unusual amount of attention and admiration ; and when Mdlle. 

 Bonheur tinted the KnglUh metropoli* during the Exhibition ibe met 

 with an anthu*ia>tio recaption from artiit* a* well as amateurs. Rosa 

 Bonbanr i* in truth an artiit of no common order. Much of the 

 admiration which has been lavished upon her work* ha* been the idle 

 iteration of fashionable criticism, and something ha* been due to the 

 character of her subject*, no remarkable for a female painter. But her 

 picture* require no allowance ou account of aex they would take a 

 high rank a* the work* of any artist of any age or country. She 

 represent* her animal* in free and spirited action, without any regard 

 to conventional attitude*, in the moat characteristic manner, with 

 singular fidelity, and with the moat life-like abandon ; and this without 

 any attempt to evade difficulties or alur over or conceal any of the 

 lea* graceful or unpictureaque feature* Her picture* often *how a 

 choice of lubjecU very remarkable in a lady ; but they are almost 

 invariably simple and unaffected in competition, admirable in drawing, 

 free, broad, and even what might be called masculine in execution, 

 did not the contrail afforded by the prevalent petite and mine-inn 

 manner of the riling English male painter* auggeat the inapplicability 

 of such an epithet. Mdlle. Bonheur ha* another unfemiuine quality 

 ahe i* most successful in her large pictures. In these all her excel- 

 lence* are beat seen, while the general heaviness of colouring and the 

 want of atmosphere in her landscape*, often objected to in her works, 

 and very observable in her smaller pictures, disappear when her great 

 painting* ore looked at from a proper distance. Mdlle. Bonheur belongs 

 to a family of artists. She has both brothers and sisters who have 

 attained some distinction a* painter* and sculptor*, and she occasionally 

 paint* figure* in some of their landscapes ; but we have seen none of 

 these joint production* of any marked merit (NowctUe Biographic 

 /,,,,,.. - \, . 



BONIFACE, SAINT, a native of Devonshire, was born about 680. 

 Ha became a monk, and resided for a time in a convent at Southampton, 

 where ha acquired reputation for learning and piety. When thirty-six 

 yean of age he set out for Rome, where he expressed to Pope Gregory II. 

 his wish to preach the gospel to the heathen nations of Germany, where 

 two of his countrymen, Wilfred and Willibrod from Northumberland, 

 a* well as Kalian, an Irish bishop, had preceded him. The pope having 

 sanctioned his vocation, Boniface laboured in Germany for more than 

 thirty yean in the work of converting and civilising; the rude natives, 

 and be wall deserved the title which ha* been given him of the ' Apostle 

 of Oannany.' Ha founded four cathedrals, Erfurt, Bonaberg, AicliKtadt, 

 and Wurxburg. with a school attached to each, and he established 

 BOBMrou* monasteries both fur monks and nuns. These monasteries 

 p* generally built upon uncultivated grounds, which were cleared 

 I tilled by the new inmate*, and thus agriculture kept pace with the 

 osioo of Christianity. The monastery of Fulda, founded by Sturm, 

 oo* of Bonifao/* disciples, was the means of reclaiming a vast tract of 

 ground which had been till than covered by forest*. Boniface was 

 mad* arcbbuhop of Mainz and metropolitan of all the new diocese* on 

 the right bank of the Rhine. At hi* requent several missionaries joined 

 him from Britain to asuist him in hi* arduous task, and he was sup- 

 ported by Carloman, and afterward* by Pepin, ion* of Charles Martel, 

 whoa* authority or influence extended over a considorablo part of 

 Germany. In 755 Bouifaoe again visited Frisi*, a country still in great 

 rni wura pagan. Having aaaembUd a multitude of converts he pitched 

 tents in a field for the purpose of giving them continuation, when a 

 band of heathens fall upon the encampment, and killed or dispersed 

 the congregation. Boniface was among the killed. 



( Vila 8. Amifacii in Mabillon, torn. iv. ; Dunham, Jlittory of the 

 Otrmanie Em fin) 



i FACK I. was elected liishop of Rome after the death of Zoumui 

 in 41. Part of the clergy, supported by Synimacbus, prefect of Rome, 

 elected KnUliua, bat the Emperor Honoriu*, who was then at Ravenna, 

 confirm*! BonUaaa's election. Several letters from Boniface to the 

 bishops of Gaol concerning matters of discipline, and to the bishop* of 

 Africa, who would not allow of appeal* to the see of Rome, are in 

 ConsUnf* collection, and give a favourable opinion of hin character 

 an 1 ! wiling. He aaswrtad the authority of the Roman sea over the 

 cfaurcheaof I llyricnm, upon which contested point there are letters 

 extant from Boniface to Kufii*, l,i.|,,.p of Themalonica, and also between 



the two emperor*, Aroadius and llonoriua. Boniface died in 423, and 

 was luooeeded by Celaatinus L 



IFA< '!: II. succeeded Felix IV. in October 530. It U recorded 

 of him that, although a native of Rome, be was the son of a Goth. 

 Hi* was a disputed election ; but Dioscorus, the rival pope, fell ill, 

 and died about a month after the election, and the schism ceaned. 

 Boniface passed several regulations against bribery in the election* of 

 bishop*, and he also condemned the practice of a bishop appointing 

 hii own successor. He diad the 8th of November 532, and was 

 succeeded by John II. (1'latino, Vita Pontif.) 



linMFACE III. was elected in March Ou7, and diad in November 

 of the same year. He obtained of the Emperor Phocas the acknow- 

 ledgment of the supremacy of the see of Rome over all other churches. 

 This circumstance renders hi* pontificate remarkable. 



BONIFACE IV., was the ion of a physician in Valeria, and wa 

 elected pope on the death of Boniface III. He it was who conse- 

 crated the Pantheon, having first removed the image* of the heathen 

 god*, and dedicated it to the Virgin Mary and all the martyr.-, lie 

 transformed his paternal house in the country of the Mani into a 

 monastery, on which be bestowed all hU property. Ho died in :!.'., 

 and was buried in St. Peter'* church. Boniface has been canonised by 

 the Church of Rome. 



BONIFACE V., a Neapolitan, who succeeded Deusdedit in 610. 

 Ho is remembered as having confirmed the right of sanctuary in 

 churches; and for his efforts to convert the nations of lin 

 Christianity. He died in 624, and was lucceeded by Honorius I. 



BONIFACE VI., a native of Tuscany, and ion of the Bishop Adrian, 

 succeeded Forinosus in 895, and died fifteen day* after his election. 

 Ui* election not being perfectly regular, he has been placed among the 

 anti-popes by some writers. He was succeeded by Stephen VII. 



BONIFACE VII., Cardinal Franco, or Francone, was elected in a 

 popular tumult, when Benedict VI. was seized and strangled in 974. 

 Boniface himself was expelled from Rome in the following year, 

 having incurred general detestation through his licentiousness and 

 cruelty. Boniface i* not considered a legitimate pope, though his 

 name is registered as such in most chronological tables. He re' 

 to Rome in 985, and put John XIV. in prison, where he died of 

 hunger, as it is reported. Boniface again assumed the papal dignity, 

 which ho retained till hU death near the close of 985. His corpse 

 i* said to have been treated with great indignity. He was succeeded 

 by John XV. 



BONIFACE VIII., Cardinal Benedetto Qaetani of Anogni, was 

 born about 122S, and succeeded in January 1294 Celestine V., whom 

 he had persuaded to abdicate on the ground of incapacity, and whom 

 he afterwards confined in the castle of Fumone, where Celestin 

 a few months after, under suspicious circumstance*. Boniface played 

 an active part in the political event* of hi* time. He supported 

 Charles II. of Anjou, king of Naples, against James of Arogou and 

 Sicily, and subsequently against James's brother Frederic. He like- 

 wise took the part of Adolf of Nassau against Albert of Austria, Bon 

 of Rudolph of Hapsburg. At the same time Boniface waged a war of 

 destruction against the Colonua, a powerful feudal family, which held 

 possession of several towns and estates in the countries of Rome an 1 

 Naples. The origin of this quarrel is not clearly ascertained. It 

 appears that two cardinal* of the house of Colonna bad opposed lioni- 

 fnce's election, and afterward* refused to admit papal garrison* into 

 their castles. Boniface accused them of having dissipated tin 

 sure* of the church, of holding correspondence with Frederic of Sicily, 

 and other charges. The two cardinals wrote to the French and other 

 kings against Boniface, complaining of his arrogance, and questioning 

 the validity of his election. Upon this the popa excommun: 

 the whole family of Colonna and their adherents, calling them heretic*, 

 and declaring that they had forfeited their honours and estates and 

 property of every sort. Further, he proclaimed a crusade against 

 them, besieged Preneste, which ho took and razed to the ground . 

 he destroyed likewise Zagarolo and Colonna, fiefs of the same family. 

 The two cardinals escaped to Franca, and Sciarra their uncle was 

 obliged to conceal himself in the forests near Anzio, whence he after- 

 wards escaped by sea only to fall into the hands of \<l; 



Boniface proclaimed the first jubilee in the year 1300, granting by 

 a bull a plenary indulgence to all those who should visit the sanctuaries 

 of Romu in that year. This attracted on immense multitude of 

 foreigners to Home. The historian Villani, who went there him* If, 

 reckons the number of strangers at 200,000 at one time, and the chro- 

 nicle of Asti state* the number of all those who visited Rome during 

 that year at two million*. This jubilee brought to Rome a vast quan- 

 tity of money. Before Boniface's, time plenary indulgence had been 

 granted only to those who went to the crusade* for the dcliveranc.- of 

 the Holy Land. 



Boniface, still aiming at the reduction of Sicily, gent for Charles do 

 Valoin, brother of Philip le Bel, king of France. On arriving at Flo- 

 rence Charle* supported the faction of the Neri, by whirh Dante and 

 many othen were exiled. Ho then went over to Sicily, but after a 

 desultory warfare peace wai made, and Frederic was acknowledged as 

 king of Trinacria in 1303, on condition of his paying to the Roman 

 see a tribute of 8000 one, or 15,000 florins. A serious quarrel soon 

 after broke out between the pope and Philip le Bel. The pope claimed 

 to share with the king the tithes levied on the clergy; he also created 



