821 



BONIFACE IX. 



BONNER, EDMUND. 



623 



the new bishopric of Pamiers without the king's consent, and ho 

 appointed the bishop his legate in France. The bishop behaved inso- 

 lently to the king, who arrested him and gave him in charge to the 

 Archbishop of Narbonue. Upon this Boniface excommunicated the 

 king, placed his kingdom under interdict, and wrote to Albert of 

 Austria, confirming his election and inviting him to make war against 

 France. Philip assembled the states of the kingdom and laid before 

 them twenty-nine charges against the pope, accusing him of simony, 

 of heresy, of licentiousness, and even of sorcery, and appealing to a 

 general council of the Church. The next measure of the pope was to 

 proclaim all Philip's subjects released from their allegiance. The 

 king resolving to put an end to this to him dangerous struggle, 

 sent Quillaume de Nogaret, a bold unscrupulous man, to Italy, with 

 money and letters for the partisans of the Colonca and the other 

 enemies of the pope. Nogaret was joined by Sciarra, who had escaped 

 from captivity. The pope was at Anagni, when Nogaret and Sciarra 

 suddenly entered the town followed by armed men, overcame the 

 pope's guards, and arrested Boniface himself. Nogaret was for taking 

 him to Lyon, where the council wag to assemble ; but Soiarra insisted 

 upon Jioniface abdicating, abused him, and even struck the old man 

 with his gauntlet. Boniface behaved with dignity and firmness ; he 

 was kept three days in confinement, during which it is said he would 

 not take any food. At last Cardinal del Fiesco induced the people of 

 Anagni to rise and deliver the pontiff, and Sciarra and Nogaret were 

 obliged to leave the town. Boniface returned to Rome, but his health 

 had received so pevere a shock, that he fell ill and died, October 1303, 

 after about nine years of a most turbulent pontificate. Boniface was 

 one of the most strenuous assertors of the assumed supremacy of the 

 pope over princes and nations in temporal as well as spiritual matters. 

 He was an inveterate persecutor of the Ghibelines, for which Dante 

 has aUuded to him at length in canto xxvii. of the ' Inferno." 



BONIFACE IX., Cardinal Pietro Tomacelli, a Neapolitan by birth, 

 was elected November 2, 1389, by the cardinals at Rome after the 

 death of Urban VI. This was the time of the great Western schism 

 as it is called, which began between Urban and Clement, styled the 

 Vllth, who held his court at Avignon. Clement having died in 1394, 

 the cardinals of his party elected Pedro de Luna by the name of 

 Benedict XIII. Boniface however continued to exercise the papal 

 authority at Home, regardless of the Avignon popes and conclaves. 

 Endeavours were made by several sovereigns to assemble a council 

 and put an end to the schism, but both Bonifaco and Benedict were 

 averse to this measure. Boniface died at Home October 1, 1404, 

 and wa succeeded by Innocent VII. The Church of Rome has ever 

 since acknowledged Urban and Boniface and their successors as legiti- 

 mate popes, and considered Clement and Benedict as anti-popes. 

 [BENEDICT, ANTI-POPE.] 



During his pontificate of nearly fifteen years, Boniface was involved 

 in the Italian wars of that turbulent period. Ue first favoured the 

 claims of the Angevins to the throne of Naples, but afterwards 

 recognised the more fortunate Ladislaus as king. Perugia and other 

 towns of Umbria and the Marches acknowledged the pope as their 

 suzerain in Boniface's time. Boniface is charged with being addicted 

 to a worldly policy, having seized upon the ecclesiastical revenues 

 for temporal purposes, and enriched his brothers and nephews. 



BON1NQTON, RICHARD PARKES, was born in the village of 

 Arnold, near Nottingham, in October 1801. Bonington's father was 

 a landscape and portrait painter, and perceiving a strong tendency in 

 his son towards his own pursuit even at a very early nge, he trained 

 him from his childhood in such a manner as in his judgment was best 

 calculated to fit him for his future profession, at the same time not 

 neglecting his education in those branches of instruction requisite to 

 qualify him for the ordinary business of life. Bonington's profes- 

 sional education was chiefly French. When he was only fifteen 

 years old his father took him to Paris, where he afterwards chiefly 

 resided, and procured him permission to study in the Louvre, where 

 he made several excellent copies of some of the best Italian and 

 Flemish landscapes in the collection. He became also a student of 

 the Institute, attended occasionally the studio of Le Baron Gros, and 

 pent the greater part of his time in the society of French artists. 

 During this period he executed many lithographs for French 

 publishers. 



Having obtained a considerable reputation in Paris by his works, 

 which were chiefly marine and coast views, he visited Italy, where 

 Venice, ' throned on her hundred isles,' offered to Bonington particular 

 attractions in her crumbling palaces and her many waters. He made 

 oil pictures of the ducal palace and of the grand canal, which were 

 exhibited in England, and attracted much notice. It was his inten- 

 tion to paint many other similar pictures, of which he had already 

 prepared the sketches, but he was already the victim of a fatal disease : 

 he wai ir a deep decline ; aud the nervous debility inherent in this 

 complaint reduced him to such a low state, that hia constitution sunk 

 untler the excitement of his very success when he returned to 

 England. He died in London, shortly after his return from a second 

 visit to Paris, in September 1828, having not quite finished his twenty- 

 geventh year. 



He painted to a great extent in water-colours, and mostly marine 

 Mid river views. His style is simple and picturesque, but sketchy and 

 neglectful of details. But he was assiduous in the practice of his art, 



and up to the time of his premature death was steadily and obviously 

 improving. Had he lived a few years longer he might have taken a 

 high place among the landscape painters of England. A series of 

 twenty-four lithographs from the worka of Bouingtou was published 

 shortly after his death. 



BONNEFOY (or BONFIDIUS), EDMUND, a writer on Oriental 

 law, or law of the Eastern empire, was born on the 20th of October, 

 1536, at Chabeuil near Valence, in France. Having applied himself 

 to the law, he was early appointed colleague to the celebrated Cujacius, 

 in the chair of law, in the university of Valence. Bonnefoy was only 

 rescued from assassination in the massacre of St. Bartholomew by his 

 friend Cujacius. He then went to Geneva, where, having been 

 appointed to a chair, he lectured on oriental jurisprudence, a chair 

 for which he was eminently qualified by his knowledge of the lan- 

 guages, particularly Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. In 1573 he published 

 'Juris Orieutalis libri tres, Imperatorite Constitutiones,' &c. The 

 Greek text was accompanied by a Latin translation by the author, and 

 was meant to comprise the laws civil and ecclesiastical of the Eastern 

 or Greek empire. The first book contains the constitutions of the 

 emperors of the East, from Heraclius to Michael Palsoologus; the 

 second contains the decrees of the archbishops and patriarchs of 

 Constantinople ; and the third the decrees and letters of the other 

 patriarchs aud pontiffs. Bonnefoy died at Geneva on the 8th of Feb- 

 ruary, 1574, being then about thirty-eight years of age. His colleague 

 Cujacius and the historian De Thou (who studied under him), unite in 

 ascribing to Bonnefoy a character of unusual moral excellence as well 

 as great ability and learning. 



bONNER, EDMUND, Bishop of London, was born at Hanley 

 in Worcestershire, about the close of the 15th century. Accord- 

 ing to contemporary tradition he was the natural son of a priest 

 named Savage by Elizabeth Frodsham, who afterwards married 

 Edmund Bonuer, a sawyer at Hauley : but Strype asserts that ho was 

 the legitimate son of this Bonner, citing as hia authority Baron Lech- 

 mon, whose ancestor had been an intimate friend and patron of the 

 bishop, and the tradition may be as merely idle gossip as traditions 

 often are. In the year 1512 he was admitted a student at Pembroke 

 College, Oxford (then Broad-Gate Hall), where in 1519 he took, on two 

 successive days, the degrees of Bachelor of the Canon and Civil Laws, 

 and he was ordained about the same time. In 1525 he was admitted 

 to the degree of Doctor, and had acquired BO high a reputation as u 

 canonist, that Cardinal Wolsey made him one of his chaplains and 

 master of his faculties and jurisdiction. In consequence of these 

 offices, Bonner was attending at Cawood on the cardinal when he was 

 arrested there. 



Soon afterwards we find Bonner chaplain to Henry VIII., incumbent 

 of the livings of Blaydon and Cherry Burton in Yorkshire, of Ripple 

 in Worcestershire, and of East Dereham in Norfolk, and a prebendary 

 of St. Paul's. Much of this promotion was due to the favour of 

 Cromwell, whose schemes for the reformation of religion Bonner pro- 

 moted. In 1533 he was sent a second time to the pope, who was then 

 at Marseille, to appeal to a general council against Clement's decree 

 of excommunication against Henry VIII. on account of the divorce. 

 In 1538 he was made Bishop of Hereford whilst he was on an embassy 

 to Paris, and before his consecration he was translated to London aud 

 took his commission from the king in 1540. 



Thus far Bonner not only concurred in, but zealously promoted the 

 Reformation, and the separation from Rome. But when death had 

 removed the despot whose ungovernable temper seems to have 

 obtained submission even from men of virtue and of ordinary firm- 

 ness, Bonner s compliance ceased; he protested against Cranmer'a 

 injunctions aud homilies, and scrupled to take the oath of supremacy. 

 For these offences he was committed to the Fleet, from which how- 

 ever upon submission ho was soon after released. From this time 

 Bonner was so negligent in all that related to the Reformation as to 

 draw on himself, in two instances, the censure of the privy council ; 

 but as he had committed no offence which subjected him to prosecu- 

 tion, the council, according to the bad practice of those times, 

 required him to do an act extraneous from his ordinary duties, 

 knowing that he would be reluctant to perform it. They made him 

 preach a sermon at St. Paul's Cross on four points. One of these 

 Bonner omitted, and commissioners were appointed to try him, before 

 whom he appeared during seven days. At the end of October 1549 

 ho was committed to the Marshals a, and deprived of his bishopric. 



After the death of Edward VI. Bonner was restored by Queen 

 Mary. His first acts were to deprive the married priests in his diocese, 

 "and set up the mass in St. Paul's" before the queen's ordinance to 

 that effect. It would be tedious to follow him in all the long list 

 of executions for religion, which make the history of that reign a 

 mere narrative of bloodshed. Fox enumerates 125 persons burnt in 

 his diocese and through his agency during this reign ; and a letter 

 from him to Cardinal Pole (dated at Fulham, 26th of December 155U) 

 is copied by Holinshed, in which Bonner justifies himself for pro- 

 ceeding to the condemnation of twenty-two heretics who had been 

 sent up to him from Colchester. Thesa persons were saved by the 

 influence of Cardinal Pole, who checked Banner's sanguinary activity. 



When Queen Elizabeth succeeded to the throne, Bonner was made 

 the single exception to the favourable reception given to the bishops. 

 In May 1659 he was summoned before the privy council, and on the 



