BORDA, JEAN CHARLES. 



BOKO I IKS I-:. 



__ i ( ilwdcr tin Indo-Europaischen SprachnysUme ' (' On the Cauca- 

 aiaa Branches of the ludc-European System of Languages '), Berlin, 

 1847. (Comrtnalunu-Urilmt ; Ifmtvdlc Eiograpkie i'ninrtelle.) 



BORDA, JEAN CHARLES, was born at Dax, in France, May 4, 

 1733. He studied military engineering, but afterwards entered the 

 cavalry. Some mathematical paper* written at the suggestion of 

 D'Alrmbert procured him admission in 1766 into the Academy of 

 Science* at Paria, In 1757 he senred at the battle of Haatenbeck ; he 

 then re-entered the engineering service ; but in 1707 removed into 

 the nary. He introduced into the French naval surveys the use of 

 reflecting instrument*, instead of determining positions by compam- 

 bearing*. In 1782 the frigate which he commanded was captured by 

 an English squadron, liorda however was honourably treated, and 

 allowed to return to France on his parole. From that time to tin- 

 end of hia life be waa mostly employed on the great measurement of 

 the meridian. He died February 20, 1 799. 



In 1767 Mayer had proposed a whole circle of reflexion for astrono- 

 mical purpose*, liorda published the account of bis own improve- 

 ment of the idea, since to well known, in 1787, under the title of 

 ' Description et Usage da Cercle de Reflexion.' The repeating cm le 

 (a further modification of the ideas of Mayer) was not described by 

 himself, but appeared first, so far as we cnn find, in the ' Expose? lies 

 Operations,' Ac., (94 pages) published in 1791 by the three commis- 

 sioners, Cassini, McVbain, and Legendre, appointed to superintend 

 the French part of the junction of the observatories of Paria and 

 Greenwich. 



In 1790 he found by experiment the length of the pendulum at 

 Paris (which at that time was contemplated as the basis of the new 

 system of measures). From that time to the end of his life he was 

 employed in devising and executing the means of forwarding the great 

 survey. The methods for measuring the base were formed under bin 

 inspection, and he was in fact the inventor of most of the original 

 instrument* employed. To him and Coulomb is attributed the rise 

 of the sound experimental philosophy for which the French have since 

 become distinguished. 



In the meanwhile he had charged himself with the expense of calcu- 

 lating and printing new tables of logarithmic sines, &c., corresponding 

 with the new division of the circle into 400 degrees. These were pub- 

 lished in 1601, under the title of ' Tables Trigonoinc'trique* Dc'cimale*,' 

 Ac,, with revuion and an explanation by Delambre. 



];>RDKAUX, DUC DE, HENRI CHARLES FERDINAND 

 MARIE DIKUUONNE D'ARTOIS, son of Charles Ferdinand, Due 

 de Berry, was born September 29, 1820. When Charles X., king of 

 France, was dethroned, his son the Dauphin, Louis Antoine, on the 

 2nd of August, 1830, renounced his claim to the throne of France in 

 favour of the Due de Bordeaux, who quitted France with the rest of 

 the royal family, August 16, 1830. The French nation substituted 

 Louis- Philippe for Charles X., and the Due de Bordeaux has assumed 

 the title of the Cointe de Chambord. By tlie French ' legitimists ' 

 he is styled ' Henri V.' He married November 7, 1846, the Arch- 

 ducheaa of Kste, eldest daughter of the late Francis IV., duke of 

 Modena. 



liORDO'XE, PARIS CAVALIERE, one of tho most distinguished 

 painter* of the Venetian school, especially in portrait, was born of a 

 noble family at Treviao in 1166. He waa for a abort time the pupil 

 of Titian in Venice, but they disagreed and separated, and Bordono 

 chose afterwards Oiorgione as hi* model, in preference to Titian. 

 Eventually however he adopted a style of his own, based upon the 

 style* of these two great Venetian masters. Bordone's works are 

 eminently distinguished for all the beauties of the Venetian school, 

 and are not deficient in drawing or invention. One of the best works 

 is the ' Martyrdom of 8t Andrew,' in the church of San Uiobbo at 

 Venice. His picture of the ' Fisherman presenting the Ring he had 

 received from St Mark to tho 1 >oge,' now in the Academy at Venice, 

 is regarded aa hia masterpiece ; in colour it is exceedingly fine, but the 

 composition is confused, and the effect altogether far from satis- 

 factory. It waa taken to Paris by the French during the war, but 

 waa restored to Venice in 1815. His picture of 'Paradise,' formerly 

 in the church of Ogni Santi at Treviso, is now also in the Venetian 

 Academy. In the Dresden Gallery is a beautiful ' Holy Family ' by 

 Bordone, and a picture of 'Apollo with a Lyre,' and Marsyaa and 

 Midas in tho background. Bordone spent some time in the service 

 of Francis 1. in France : be died in Venice about 1570. 



(Kauctti, JH.Ua 7'iWnro Vciuriana; Ridolfl, U Maraviglie detf 



BORKL and BORELLI. Our object here is to prevent two con- 

 temporaries being confounded, who have the some Latin name 

 Burellua. 



I'IEHRI BORKL, of Caitrea, born 1620, died 1689, was the author of 

 the treatise ' De vero Tetesoopii tnventore,' Hague, 1655, a work often 

 died. lie was a physician by profession. 



OloYAXMt ALFONSO BORELU, of Naples, born 1608, was also a 

 physician. He wrote 'Euclid** Reititutus,' 1628, discovered and 

 translated the loet books of Apollonius [Arol.buxil-a PBHOXUS], and 

 also wrote the fint theory of Jupiter'* satellites, entitled 'Theories 

 Medioiorum Planetarum ex causi* pbyslci* doducta,' 1666. Weidlur 

 and Ulan'le unit* in affirming that he suggested, or rather revived, 

 the notion of attraction in this work ; but Delambre (' Aat Hod.' ii. 



333), says " II u'mdique aucune cause physique," Borelli also wrote 

 Obaervatione dell' Ecclisi Lunare fatta in Roma,' 1675, inserted in 

 the Journal of Rome for 1675, p. 34. 



G. A. Borelli was on* of the leaders of tho iatro-matheiuatioal sect, 

 or of those who have attempted to apply mathematics to medicine. 

 He was sent to Rome to complete his education, where, under tho 

 tuition of Castrlli, be made such progress, that he was invited at an 

 early age to Mesaina to teach the mathematics. As he had made 

 medicine a* well aa mathematics bis study, he wrote an account of a 

 malignant fever which raged in Sicily during the years 1647 and 164S, 

 in a treatise entitled ' Delle Cagioni dello Febri Maligni di Sicilia,' 

 Cocenza, 1649, 12mo. 



Having become tired of his situation he accepted a professor's choir 

 at Pisa in 1656, where he lectured with great applause. The fume of 

 his abilities procured him the favour of the Grand Duke Ferdinand 

 and Prince Leopold, who obtained him the honour of being elected n 

 member of the Academia del Ciinento. It was about this time 

 probably that ho first conceived the design of employing mathematical 

 principles in explaining the animal function*, and he now applied 

 himself diligently to the dissection of animals. Several of his letter* 

 on the subject of anatomy, written between 1659 and 1664, are pub- 

 lished in Malpiglii's posthumous works. In 1658 he published at Pica 

 a second tract on the nature and treatment of malignant fevers, ' Delia 

 Causa delle Febri Maligni,' 4to. His first physiological work, ' L> ; 

 Renum Usu Judicium,' appeared in 1664, with the treatise of Bellini, 

 'De StructurA Renum,' Strasburg, 8vo. In 1669 he published, in the 

 ' Giorn. di Lett.' an essay on the fact, that in most persona the eye* 

 are of unequal power, the one seeing more distinctly than the other, 

 ' Oaservazioni intoruo alia Virtu Ineguale degli Occhi.' In ICiiT li 

 published his 'Tractatu* de Vi Perousaionis.' The ' HistorU et Meteo- 

 rologia Incendii .iEtnei, 1669; accedit Responsio ad Censures R. P. 

 Honorati Fabri contra Librum de Vi Percussiouis,' was published in 

 1670. He was present at the eruption of JEltM, having the preceding 

 year quitted Pisa and returned to Messina. The acoouut was written 

 at the request of the Royal Society of London, with which he corres- 

 ponded, and was printed in their ' Transactions.' In 1670 appeared 

 his treatise ' De Motionibus Naturalibus a Gravitate Pendentiuus,' a 

 prelude to his great work 'De Motu Auimaliuiu,' which was not 

 published until after his decease. 



Being supposed to have favoured the insurgent* at the revolt of 

 Messina, to which city he had returned, he was obliged to quit the 

 place. Christina, queen of Sweden, who was then residing at Rome, 

 invited him thither, and he continued to enjoy her patronage till the 

 termination of his life. During the last two years of his life he taught 

 the mathematics to youth at the convent of St Pantaleou, where he 

 died December 31st, 1679, in the seventy-second year of hia age. 



The first volume of his work ' De Motu Auimolium,' which appeared 

 in 1680, Rome, 4 to, is dedicated to Christina, and was printed at her 

 expense ; the second volume, which completed the book, came out 

 the following year. There are many other editions of this great work. 

 It is on this work that the medical reputation of Borelli depends. In 

 the second part indeed, where he endeavours to explain the action of 

 the heart, lungs, liver,' and other viscera on mechanical principles, he 

 is a* much mistaken a* the other physicians of the iatro-mathematical 

 school ; but in the first part he successfully applies the principle* of 

 mechanics to the explsnation of the active and passive movement* of 

 the body. He shows that the bones are true levers, and that the 

 muscles attached to them may bo considered aa their moving powers ; 

 and he proves that the length of the limb, and the distance at which 

 the muscle or power is inserted from the extremity of the limb, or 

 centre of articulation, influence the quantity of force required for the 

 contraction of the muscle, and the execution of the motion; just a* 

 in mechanics the length of tho lever and the distance of the power 

 from the fulcrum alter the quantity of force required. He demon- 

 strated too, that the muscle* act at a disadvantage, considered merely 

 as levers. In his attempts to estimate the force of muscles in numbers, 

 he foils where success was probably impossible. 



Burelli invented a diving apparatus ; and a boat in which persons 

 might row themselves under water. 



BORGHE'SE, an Italian family originally from Siena, where they 

 ranked among the patricians of that republic. In tho early port of tliu 

 16th century, Marc Antonio Borgheso, a jurisconsult of some distinc- 

 tion, settled at Rome., where he waa employed as advocate of the papal 

 court. He had several son* and daughters. His third son, Camillo, 

 born in 1552, became pope in May, 1605 (Paul V.). Tho eldest son, 

 Oiovau Battuta, married Virginia Lanti of Pisa, by whom lie had Marc 

 Antonio Borghese, who by the influence of his uncle the pope was 

 made prince of Sulmona, and grandee of Spain. Marc Antonio began 

 the line of the prince* Borghese, whicli still continues. Ilia son Paolo 

 married Olimpia Aldobraudiui, the only child of the prince of Roeaauo, 

 and grand niece to Pope Aldobrandiui (Clement VIII.), and thus tho 

 Aldobrandini inheritance came into the Borghese family. Paolo's son, 

 Giovan Battiata, prince of .Sulmona and Rosaono, duke of Polouibnra, 

 Ac., was ambassador of Philip V. of Spain at the court of Rome, where 

 he died in 1717, and was buried in tho splendid family chapel at Santa 

 Maria Maggiore. HU sou, Marc Antonio Borgheee, was made \: 

 of Naples for the emperor in 1721. Another Marc Antonio, a 

 descendant of the viceroy, was Prince Borghene, who in tho second 



