BORTHWICK, DAVIU. 



B03CAN, DON JOAN. 



tolume of "Translations of Northern Poetry;' nd he ha* long 

 announced a inuoli more extensive work of a similar kind, in which 

 hi* almoat unrivalled colloquial knowl.-.lge of modern language! will 

 doubtlau turn to good account. He has alto tnunlated the Gospel of 

 St. Luke into the Spanish gipsy tongue : ' Kl Erangelio Begun Lucas, 

 tndncido al Itomani, o dialeoto de loa Gitanot de Banana,' 8vo, 1837. 



BORTHWK'K, DAVID, of Lochhill, lord advocate of Scotland in 

 the reign of King James VI., afterward* King Jamc* I. of England. 

 The early history of thi* learned man is involved in obecurity. When 

 he first appear* in the record* he i* designated 'Mr. David Borthwick 

 of AuKliitonr,' an estate which he probably acquired by descent. In 

 the .-pritig of 1519, which wai about seventeen yean after the institu- 

 tion of the court of session, or college of justice, that court made 

 choice of nine advocate! "being persons of gude conscience and 

 undf-ntanilin?, to procure (that is, practice in suite) befoir thame in 

 all actions and causes." Borthwick was one of these ; and in 1552 he 

 was made a member of the public commission then appointed to treat 

 with the commissioners of Enslond on the affairs of the borders 

 between the two kingdoms. He appears to have met with a good 

 hare of professional employment, and to hare been engaged in many 

 important cases ; he appears also to have been retained as standing 

 counsel for the noble families of Huntley and Bothwell (' Act Purl.' 

 roL ii. p. 573). On the death of Spens of Condie, in 1573, Borthwick 

 was associated with Oeighton of Klliok, father of the admirable 

 Crichton, and who had been colleague to Spens in the office of king's 

 advocate, and was also advanced to the seat on the bench of the court 

 of session vacant by Spens's decease, for it was then usual to make the 

 king' a advocate a lord of session. Borthwick in also remarkable in 

 being, a* it seems, the first who had the title of ' Lord Advocate.' 

 The *alory of the lord advocate at this time was 4 Of. Scots yearly, and 

 that of a lord of session amounted to about the samo sum. What the 

 profit* of the bar then were may be guessed from Sir David Lindsay's 

 4 1'uirman and Pardoner,' where the former says 



" 1 Umif n gcir bot just an Englib grout, 

 Qubilk I purpou to give me man of law." 



So that the emoluments and practice of the learned lord must have 

 yielded him at least 10W. per annum, which though but 82. 61. 8d. 

 sterling was a Urge income in those days. Borthwick retained the 

 . situations of a lord of session and lorM advocate till his death, which 

 occurred in January 1581, when his colleague Creighton, to whom the 

 places had long been object* of much desire, became sole lord advocate, 

 and also succeeded to the vacant seat on the bench. 



BORY DE SAINT-VINCENT, JEAN-BAPTISTE- GEORGE- 

 MA HIE, was born in 1780, at Agcn, in the French department of 

 Lot-et-Oaronne. As early as his fifteenth year he had addressed some 

 communication* to the Annals of the Society of Natural History of 

 Bordeaux. In 1 799 be accompanied Captain Baudin, as a naturalist, 

 Jn the scientific expedition which was sent out to Australia by the 

 French government. In the course of the voyage however a disagree- 

 ment took place between the captain and several of the officers and 

 scientific men who accompanied him, in consequence of which Bory 

 d Saint- Vincent and other* abandoned the expedition at Mauritius, 

 then named the tie de France. He wa< employed by the governor as 

 one of the c'-Ut major of the colony, and provided with whatever was 

 requisite for making a survey of the adjacent islands. His attention 

 was particularly directed to the island of Bourbon, then named the 

 lie de la Reunion, of which ho constructed a good map. On his 

 voyage back to France, he touched at and examined several of tho 

 Uland* in the African seas, especially that of St Helena, of which also 

 be mad" a map. After his return to France he published hi* ' Essai 

 or U* lie* Fortune** de 1'Antique Atlantide, on l*recis de 1'Histoire 

 Oe'nenle de 1'Archip*! dcs Canaries,' 4to, Paris, 180S, and hi* ' Voyage 

 dan* las Quatre Principals lie* do* Men d'AMque,' 3 Tola. 8vo, with 

 AtUsin 4to. Pari-. l-'H. 



Bory de Saint-Vincent was afterwards promoted to the rank of 

 captain on the staff of Marshal Davoust, and was present at the battles 

 of rim anil Auiterlitz, When Marshal Xey was sent to Spain in 

 1808, Bory de Saint- Vincent accompanied him as one of his staff, and 

 wan promoted to the rank of major. He was afterwards attached to 

 the staff of Marshal Soult, and wa* present with him at the final battle 

 of Toulouse. He was included in the list* cf proscription of July 24, 

 1815, and resided at Aix-la-Chapelle, Maastricht, Magdeburg, and 

 BronrU. While at Maastricht he examined the vast quarries which 

 extend under the mountain called Petersberg, and published an account 

 of them under the title of ' Un Voyage Souterrain, 1 8vo, IV. 

 Braseeb he was engaged with others in the ' Annalea Qoncrale* de* 

 SrUncM 1-byidquM,' 8 Tola. 8vo. He returned to Franco in 1820. 



In 182V llory d* Saint -Vine-lit was placed at the head of the 

 scientific expedition sent out by tho French government to the Morea 

 ati.l the Crclade*. the result* of which were published in tho ' Kx]' 



Scientifique de MoroV 4to, with Atlas in Col., Parin, M- 

 thU work, bend** the assistance given to other departments, he fur- 

 nished the entire Motion of the botany (' Partie Botanique. ) II;- 

 eontnrmtioos to the periodical publications of Paris were rery 

 nOMroa*, mostly on subject* of natural history. In 183S be pub- 

 'tUramiS de U Oeographie de la Peninsnle,' 12mo, with maps. 

 In 189 be was appointed to the management of tho scientific com- 



ui Union sent out by the French government to Algiers. He accom- 

 panied the ex|>edition, and after the completion of the investigations 

 returned to Pari*. He died December 23, 1846. 



(QvHverxaion+LexQcan ; NoHttUe JKograpkie VtnvmtUr.) 



BOS, LAMHKKT, an eminent philologist, was born November 23, 

 1670, at \Vorcum in Friesland, where his father was rector of the 

 college. His mother, a woman of abilities, was aunt to Vitringa. 

 Having gone through the classes in hU father's school, and aoquir <1 

 a considerable knowledge of Qreek and Latin, he became private 

 tutor to the children of a man of rank, in whose house he coot 

 to improve himself in classical studies. In 1694 ho went to tin- 

 University of Franeker, where Vitringa was professor of the Or 

 languages, divinity, and sacred history. In October 1696, he was per- 

 mitted to teach Greek in the university, and in the month of February 

 of the following year, upon Sibranda's death, became the prelector in 

 that language. In 1704, when tho Greek professorship in that uni- 

 versity became vacant by the death of Nicholas Blancard, the curators 

 appointed Bos to be his successor. On taking the chair he read a 

 dissertation on the propagation of learning by the Greeks thnm^'h 

 their colonies. About the end of 1716 he was attacked by a malig- 

 nant fever, which ended in a consumption, a disorder which hu 

 inherited from his mother. He died January 3rd, 1717. About five 

 years before his death he married the widow of a clergyman, by whom 

 he left two sons. The extent of Boa's learning may bo estimated by 

 his works. In his studies he was so indefatigable, that he is said to 

 have regretted every moment which was not employed in them. In 

 his personal character he was candid, amiable, and pious. 



Ho published, 1, 'Thomas Magistri Dictkmum Atticarum EclogiP,' 

 cum notis, 8vo, Franeq., 1698; 2, ' l-'.x, -i -ituti.in.M i'hilulo^ 

 quibus Novi Fooderis nounulla loca u profanis maxituu auc> 

 Grtecis illustrantur,' 8vo, Franeq., 1700; rupuhlished in an enl 

 form with the addition of a dissertation 'Do Ktymologi.1 Grasco,' 8vo, 

 Franeq., 1713; 3, ' My^-terii Ellipsios Grtocte expositi Specimen,' 12m.., 

 Franeq., 1702. Of this work there have been numerous editions, 

 among others by Chr. Sehoettgon, Schwebel, Chr. It. Michaeli*, and 

 by . 11. Schaeffer; 4, 'Oratio Inaug. de erutlitione Grsecoru: 

 Colonias eorum propagata,' fol., Franeq., 1701 ; 6, ' Obeervationej MU- 

 cellancao ad loca qutedam cum Novi Froderis, turn exterorum Scripto- 

 rum GriPcorum. Accedit Horatii Vitringa Aniinadversionum ml 

 JohannU Vorstii Philologiam sacraui Specimen,' 8vo, Fraueq., 17<>7 : 

 6, 'An edition of the Septuagint, with prolegomena,' *c., 2 to 

 1709: 7, ' Antiquitatum Grascarum, pnccipue Atticarum iK-scriptin 

 brevis,' 12mo, Franeq., 1713. Of this work, which became a school- 

 book, there have been many editions. It has been translated into 

 English by Percival Stockdale, in an abridged form, by the Rev. 

 Seagar, and by George Barber; 8, ' Auimadversiones ad Scriptorea 

 quosdam (jraoos. Accedit Specimen Auimadveraianum Latinarum,' 

 8vo. Franeq., 1715; 9, in the same year he published a new . 

 of Weller's ' Grammatica Grtcca nova,' 8vo, Amsterdam, adding two 

 chapters on accentuation and syntax : this work was re-edited with 

 Bos's and other notes by I. F. Fischer, 8vo, Leipa., 1756. Bos's notes 

 and emendations on Aristides are included iu J ebb's edition of that 

 author, 2 torn. 4 to, 1722-30. 



BOSCAN, ALMOGAVER, DON JUAN, was born at Barcelona, in 

 the year 1500, of a noble family. On his outset in life he d 

 himself for a short time to the profession of arms. He aft*rw;ir.ls 

 pent some time in travelling. Although Bosom at an early i 

 became intimately acquainted with the literature of Italy, the poetry 

 that he wrote in his youth was all in the ancient Spanish lyric style. 

 It was not until 1 526, when, after having lived at the court of Charles V., 

 and having formed an intimate friendship with Andrea Navajero, the 

 envoy from Venice, that he ventured to follow the counsel of this 

 accomplished Italian, and assumed the character of a reformer of thu 

 lyric poetry of his nation, by transplanting the forms and manner of 

 Italian poetry into Spain. 



The metrical structure of the sonnet hod long been known iu Spain; 

 but the genius of Costilian poetry wa* advene to that form, and when 

 Boscan began writing sonnets constructed in imitation of those of 

 Petrarch, a thousand voices were raised against him and his 

 and more highly-gifted fellow-reformer, Garcilaso de la Vega. Some 

 insisted that a preference should be given to the old Ca-t 

 on the ground of euphony. Others went farther, and asserted that 

 the ear could perceive no distinction between the new hendeoatyllabic 

 verse and true prose. Finally, a third party discovered that Italian 

 poetry was effeminate, and was fit only for Italians and women. In 

 fact, the attempt was considered nothing short of treason against 

 poetry ; and one of this sort of zealots, Cristobal de Castillcjo, goes so 

 far iu hi* satire* against these innovators, whom he calls Petrai\ 

 u to compare them to the followers of Luther, tho purvcrters of 

 another doctrine, the subverters of the old faith. Boscan state* th:it 

 this violent opposition made him reflect seriously and hesitate in liin 

 noble task; but he was soon convinced of the futility of the reasons 

 urged sgainst hi* literary reform ; he persisted in carrying it on : ;m<l 

 through hi* perseverance, and the great talents and powerful example 

 of his friend Garcihuo, his party rapidly increased, and obtained the 

 superiority. 



The urbanity of his manners and his abilities recommended Boscan 

 to the family of Alba, which was then one of the most brilliant among 



