BOTH, JOHN. 



BOTHWELL, EARL OP. 



846 



bency he received pupils into his house, to aid a younger brother in 

 taking his degree at the university. Here he wrote and published for 

 his pupils ' Introduction to Latin Construing,' ' The Eton Greek 

 Grammar,' &c. 



His health failing him under the prosecution of his clerical and 

 scholastic duties, he accepted the British chaplaincy at Amsterdam, 

 and r. mained there from 1829 to 1832. In the latter year he removed 

 to Rotterdam and was British chaplain there till 1840. While in 

 Holland he translated the Book of Common Prayer into Dutch, and 

 made arrangements for printing the first Dutch Bible in the Roman 

 type for the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge ; and printed 

 for the use of foreigners the Book of Common Prayer, arranged in the 

 order in which the prayers are read in the ordinaiy service. He also 

 published an account of the ' Origin of the Dutch, with a Sketch of 

 their Language.' And it ought to be mentioned that as he had been 

 active in visiting the poor and ameliorating their condition while in 

 id, the destitute members of his Dutch congregation were not 

 forgotten. He instituted district visiting.and established Sunday aud 

 day-schools, by which the morality and the condition of the people 

 were greatly improved. He resigned his chaplaincy in 1840, aud 

 accepts 1 the vicarage of Waithe in the county of Lincoln, and he also 

 took charge of the ecclesiastical district of Carrington near Nottingham, 

 but hit health failing in 1842 from over exertion, he relinquished his 

 charge, and he has not since taken any regular duty. 



It is by his researches in Anglo-Saxon and connected dialects that 

 Dr. Bosworth has attained his eminent position as a philologist. In 

 examining the English language in its earliest form, he saw the neces- 

 sity of a knowledge of Anglo-Saxon, and he was the first to divest the 

 grammar of that language of its Latiu incumbrances by the publi- 

 cation in 1823 of the 'Elements of Anglo-Saxon Grammar.' This 

 brought him into correspondence and intimate acquaintance with the 

 leading Anglo-Saxon scholars of England and the continent, including 

 Grimm, from whom he derived important aid, aud the Danish pro- 

 fessor Ha.sk, whose Anglo-Saxon grammar, written in Danish, he was the 

 first to translate into English, though the translation was not published. 



Some fifteen years were afterwards employed by Dr. Bosworth in 

 constructing his great work, ' A Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Lan- 

 guag.-,' roy. 8vo. London, 1838. This volume contains, within a 

 moderate compass, a complete apparatus for the study of the Anglo- 

 Saxon. The dictionary itself, which gives the meaning of the Anglo- 

 Saxon words in English and Lathi, with parallel terms from the other 

 Gothic languages, is preceded by a mass of useful matter on the origin 

 and connection of the Germanic and Scandinavian languages, and the 

 essentials of Anglo-Saxon grammar. This work has been since pub- 

 lishid in a somewhat abridged form and without the introductory 

 matter, under the title of ' A Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English 

 Dictionary,' 8vo, London, 1848. 'The Origin of the Danish, aud an 

 Abstract of Scandinavian Literature,' and ' The Origin of the Germanic 

 mill Scandinavian Languages aud Nations, with a Sketch of their 

 Literature, &c.,' though published as separate works are chiefly taken 

 from the Introduction to the Dictionary. 



Dr. Bosworth has since published ' King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon 

 Version of the History of the World, written in Latin by the Spanish 

 monk Orosius.' In this translation Alfred has inserted his own 

 account of Europe, and a detail of the voyage of Ohthere, a Norwe- 

 gian, from the coagt of Norway into the White Sea. This is an 

 important and interesting work, not merely as being Alfred's own 

 composition, but from its being the only account of Europe written by 

 a contemporary so early as the 9th century. A fac-simile of the whole 

 Anglo-Saxon text, with an English translation and copious notes, has 

 been published separately in a splendid quarto volume; and also in a 

 cheaper form. Dr. Bosworth has been for some time engaged in 

 preparing for publication the Anglo-Saxon and Mccso-Gothic Gospels 

 in parallel columns. 



Dr. Bosworth was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1829 : 

 he i also a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and other learned 

 bodies in this country ; while hig great services aa a philologist have 

 been recognised by his election as a Member of the Royal Institution 

 of the Netherlands ; Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Sciences, 

 Norway ; F.S.A., Copenhagen ; and member of the Literary Societies 

 of Lryden, Utrecht, Rotterdam, Ac. 



BOTH, JOHN aud ANDREW, two eminent painters, were born at 

 Utrecht, the former in the year 1 610 ; the birth of the latter is of un- 

 certain date. Their father was a painter on glass, and it is probable 

 they received their first instructions from him. They were placed at 

 an early age under Abraham Bloemart ; and in their youth went to 

 Italy to perfect themselves in their art. Here they acquired a great 

 reputation, John painting landscapes after the manner of Claude, and 

 Andrew adorning his brother's icenes with figures in the style of 13am- 

 boccio. They continued in Italy working in concert until separated 

 by death. There in much confusion among writers as to which died 

 first. One of them wan drowned by falling into a canal at Venice, in 

 the year 1650, in returning late from a supper party ; and the survivor 

 then left Italy, and returned to settle at Utrecht. From the fact of 

 hi* painting portraits and conversation pieces, it is most probable 

 that Andrew was the survivor, and that John, the landscape-painter, 

 Mii-hcd in Italy. Andrew died six years after his brother, his end 

 being hastened by grief. 



The landscapes of John are glowing with colour and sunshine, and 

 rich in beauty and natural effects ; his handling is light, free, and 

 facile, so that he sometimes painted without an outline. A fulvous 

 tint which occasionally pervades his landscapes has been objected to ; 

 but in his best productions this fault is avoided. He has less 

 studied elegance than Claude, and his pictures are more like common 

 nature ; but his composition is far less perfect, and his artifices less 

 artfully concealed. The beauty of his colouring however procured 

 him the title, by which he is still known, of Both of Italy. The 

 figures by Andrew are above all comparison superior to those of 

 Claude ; and the joint productions of the brothers, in which each 

 laboured to set off the other, have ever been considered of the highest 

 value. 



BOTHWELL, JAMES HEPBURN, EARL OF, was the only son 

 of Patrick, third earl of Both well, of the Hepburn family. His mother, 

 Agnes, daughter of Henry Lord Sinclair, by a daughter of Patrick 

 Hepburn, first earl of Bothwell, lived many years in a state of divorce 

 from her husband, but for what reason is not certainly known. Earl 

 Patrick was notoriously profligate in his public character. He died 

 in September 1556, at the age of 51 ; when his sou James succeeded 

 to his honours, offices, and estates. The offices which he transmitted 

 were those of Great Admiral of Scotland, Sheriffs of the Shores of 

 Berwick, Edinburgh, and Haddington, aud Bailie of Lauderdalc, all 

 which he had himself inherited. The Hepburns were originally mere 

 tenants of the Earl of March ; but in a short time they coped with 

 their potent chief, and, on his forfeiture in the 15th century, they rose 

 to be immediate tenants of the crown, and shortly afterwards the 

 head of the house was made a lord of parliament. The affluence and 

 power of the family reached its height in the time of Patrick Hep- 

 burn, second lord Hales, who received from the crown, among other 

 grants, the lanHs aud lordships of Bothwell and Crichton, which were 

 thereupon erected into an earldom. The lauds of the lordship of 

 Bothwell however were hardly in his possession, when, at the king's 

 command, they were transferred to the Earl of Angus, in exchange 

 for the turbulent border country of Liddesdale, the king then sayiug 

 there was no order to be had with the Earls of Angus so long as they 

 kept Liddesdale. The second Earl of Bothwell succeeded to his father's 

 titles, heritable offices, aud vast estates in the several counties of 

 Edinburgh, Haddington, Roxburgh, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, aud 

 Lanark, which, on his fall at the fatal field of Flodden, passed to the 

 father of Earl James, who, notwithstanding the misconduct of his 

 parent, was by desceut the most powerful noble of the south of Soot- 

 land, and had the castles of Hermitage, in Liddesdale ; Hales in the 

 shire of Haddington ; and Crichton, in the shire of Edinburgh. These 

 fortresses are now moulderiug into dust, and the surrounding country 

 is rich with the peaceful labours of the plough. In the times we 

 speak of, the fortresses were furnished for a feud, and the adjacent 

 country was scoured by predatory bands. The church and a few great 

 lay proprietors mutually rivalled and despoiled each other, aud a 

 series of regal minorities allowed them all to attack and despoil tho 

 crown. It had also become the policy of the English kings to hire a 

 secret party in Scotland to divide the nation ; and in the year imme- 

 diately preceding the succession of Earl James to the Bothwell estates, 

 the Scottish reformer Knox had begun to denouuce in the capital the 

 errors of the established faith and the baneful spirit of its ecclesiastics. 



Till his father's death, Earl James remained, as it seems, abroad 

 probably with his father, who, after allying himself with Edward, king 

 of Englaud, against his sovereign, fled into foreign parts ; but imme- 

 diately on his father's decease Bothwell entered on the busy stage of 

 public life, being then about thirty years of age. He was served heir 

 to his father on the 3rd of November 1556, and he attended the 

 parliament of December 1557, when a commission of the estates of 

 the realm was appointed for negotiating the marriage of the infant 

 queen of Scots with the dauphin of France. In the parliament of 

 November 1558 he was named one of the lords of the articles; soon 

 afterwards we find him, as lieutenant of the borders, meeting with the 

 Earl of Northumberland, the English lieutenant, to adjust sorae border 

 differences ; on the 30th of October 1559 he is found, under the orders 

 of the queen-regent, intercepting Cockburu of Ormistou near Had- 

 dington, when that baron was bringing supplies from England to the 

 party of the reformation ; aud the following mouth, when the reformers 

 retreated before the regent's forces, he proclaimed the Earl of Arran, 

 one of the reform leaders, a traitor to the government. Next year the 

 queen-regent died, and soon afterwards the Presbyterian form of Pro- 

 testantism was formally established, the reform leaders, or lords of 

 the congregation, taking the reins of admiuistration. lu the end of 

 the same year, Francis II. of France died; aud in contemplation of 

 Mary his widowed queen's return to Scotland, several nobles of the 

 Protestant party were despatched to France with a tender of their 

 services. In this company we fiud Bothwell, who with all his father's 

 suppleness had changed with the times, aud acceded to the congregation. 

 Mary, then scarce twenty years old, landed at Leith on the 19th of 

 August 1561 ; and in forming her government, she set her illegitimate 

 brother, Lord James Stewart, a Protestant, at the head of the adminis- 

 tration, and made Bothwell, whose sister Lord James had recently 

 married, one of her privy council ; the other members of the govern- 

 ment and chief officers of state being also Protestants. The government 

 however of which Bothwell was thus a part was frequently disturbed 



