BOUCHARDON, EDMK. 



BOUCHER, RKV. JONATHAN. 



m 



aperintcndent of the grand dncal printing establishment at Florence, 

 where he published new editions of several Tuitcan writers, with 

 note* and comment*, mch M Varchi'i 'ErcoUno,' the works of 

 Saochttti, of Fra Uuitton d'Arezxo, fto. ID 1729 he wrote ' Lezioni 

 trtf topra il Tremuoto," on the occasion of an earthquake which 

 occurred at Florence in that year. In 1730 ha went to Home, where 

 be fixed his residences Clement XII. gave him a canonry, and also 

 the chair of ecclesiastical history in the University of La Sapienza, 

 and employed him in 173'J, together with Kustacbio Manfredi, on a 

 surrey of the Tiber throughout Umbria, in order to ascertain whether 

 it could be rendered navigable. The result of this surrey was 

 published : ' Relazione della visita del fiurac Tevere da Ponte Nuovo 

 otto Perugia fino alia fooe della Men.' ISottari made a similar surrey 

 of the Teverone. His next publication was a learned work on the 

 monument* found in the numerous and vast subterraneous vaults 

 near Rome, commonly known by the name of catacomb* ' Sculture e 

 pitture sacra estratte dai cimitorj di Roma, pubblicate gia dagli autori 

 della Roma Sotterranea, ed ore nuovameute date in luce oolla spiega- 

 >ione ed indici,' 3 Tola, folio, Rome, 1737-54. He used the plate* of 

 the ' Roma Sottrranea' of Bosio, which Clement XII. had purchased; 

 but the letter-press may be said to be entirely Bottari's. He also 

 published ' Storia dei S3. Barlaam e Gioaafatte ridotta alia sua antica 

 pnrila di favella coll'ajuto degli antichi testi a penna con prefazione,' 

 4 to, 1734. Clement XII., being pleased with his exertions, bestowed 

 on him several preferments, made him a prelate of the Pontifical 

 Court, and librarian of the Vatican. Benedict XIV., who succeeded 

 Clement in 1740, made Bottari take up his abode near him in the 

 pontifical palace. He published, in 1741, 'Del Museo Capitolino, 

 tomo i. contenente le imagini d'uomini illustri,' folio ; and afterwards, 

 'Munei Capitolini tomus secundus, Angustorum et Augustarutn 

 liermas continens, cum Observationibus," folio, 1750 ; also, ' Antiquis- 

 siuii Virgiliani Codicis fragmenta et pictures, ex Vaticana Bibliotheca 

 ail primai imaginum foniias a Petro S. Bartoli incisa),' 1741, folio. 

 Bottari contributed to this work an important preface, with a disqui- 

 aition on the age of two manuscripts of Virgil in the Vatican, and 

 notes, variante*, &<x ' Descrizione del palazzo Apostolico Vaticano, 

 opera postuma di Agostino Taja, rivista e accresciuta,' Roma, 1750: 

 Taja ha<1 begun thin work, which Bottari recast and completed. Bottari 

 died at Rome in June 1775, at the age of eighty ix. He was one of 

 the most distinguished scholars at the Roman court in the 18th 

 century. Among his minor works are, dissertations on the origin of 

 the invention of Dante's poem ; two lectures upon Boccaccio, in which 

 Bottari refute* the charge of infidelity brought against that writer ; 

 two lecture* on Livy, defending the Roman historian against the 

 charge of too great credulity in narrating prodigies ; letters on the 

 fine art*, dialogues on the same subject, ic. (Grazzini, Kloyio tli 

 Mwuiynor lluiiari ; Manuchelli, Scriltori d' Italia.) 



BOOCHABDOV, KDME. a distinguished French sculptor, was 

 bom at Cbaumont in Basrigny, in 1698. He was instructed in his 

 youth by hi* father, who was likewise a sculptor and architect ; and, 

 after he had made sufficient progress, he entered the school of the 

 younger Couaton at Paris, where he soon distinguished himself, and 

 obtained the first prize of the Royal Academy in 1722. By this prize 

 be was entitled to study for a limited period at Rome, at the expense 

 of the French government, in the French academy established there 

 by Louis XIV. Bonchardon remained at Rome for ten years, during 

 which time he was much employed, especially in busts ; and he was 

 elected to execute the monument of Clement XL, but, being recalled 

 by the French government about the same time, he did not execute it, 

 He returned to Paris in 1732 ; in the year following he was elected 

 Agree 1 , in 1744 a member, and in 1746 a profes-or of the Academy of 

 P.inting and Sculpture. He died at Paris in 1762. 



Houchardon's principal works were the ' Fontaine de Crenelle." and 

 the equestrian statue of Louis XV. Tho ' Fontaine de Crenelle' is 

 one of UM fin**t in Paris; it wu commenced in 1739 and finished in 

 1745. Toe authorities of Paris, by whose order it was made, were so 

 well satisfied with it* execution that they voted Bouchardon, in 1740, 

 a pension for life of 1500 franca. The statue of Louis XV., which 

 was of marble, wi> placed in the Place-Louis XV. in 1763, and was 

 destroyed by the populace in 1792. Bouchardon was occupied in it- 

 execution during twelve yean, yet it was unfinished when he died : 

 the pedestal wu executed by Pigal, who was cboaen by Bouchardon 

 himself to complete the monument. It was engraved by Cathelin. 

 There are also some statue* by Bouchardon in the church of St. Sulpice, 

 and in the garden* of Versailles, Choisy, and Oros-Bois. He was 

 sculptor to the king. Many of his work* and sketches have been 

 engraved, and there are a few etchings by his own hand. 



J. J. Preislcr engraved fifty ancient statues from drawing* by him. 

 Count Caylus engraved many others, besides several of Bouchardon 's 

 original work* ; he also wrote a life of Boucbardon. Bouchardon lia.l 

 a younger brother, who was painter to the King of Sweden, in which 

 country lie died. 



d/AbW de FonUmai, /X/fioniuifo dtt AHitttt, JL-c. ; Heinekcn 

 thrtumnawt rfet A rtitltt, Ac. ; Watelct and Leveaquo, Dictionnairc 

 da Artt,*c.) 



BOUCHKK, FRANCOIS, succeeded Vanloo u principal painter to 

 Louis XV. He was born at Pan* in 1704, studied under L .Moine 

 and at the age of nineteen obtained the first price of the French 



Academy of Painting. He went to Rome for a short time, and 

 returned to Paris in 1731. In 1735 he waa elected a member of the 

 academy. He died in 1763, or, according to others, 1770, director of 

 the academy. 



Boucher was a painter of very great ability, and had extraordinary 

 'acility of execution ; but he disregarded every correct principle, and 

 levoted himself entirely to a picturesque effect, which consisted in a 

 mere variet 

 of expression. 

 >astoral, and 1 



The corruption of pure tagte, partly effected by Watteau, was fully 

 accomplished by the works of Boucher, for though in bis time a great 

 >opuUr favourite, his style has been subsequently condemned iu the 

 rery strongest terms, even by his own countrymen, especially by 

 Watelet and Diderot. He has been called the Anacreon of painters, 

 a compliment (if one) which, though it may apply to Boucher's sub- 

 ects, cannot apply to his execution of them. Hi* designs are 

 ixtremely numerous, amounting to several thousands, and a great 

 many of them have been engraved, a few by himself, and others by 

 upwards of 140 different engravers, French and foreign. 



(L'Abbc 1 de Fontenoi, Dictimnaire de* Artitlet ; Heineken, Diction- 

 nairt det A rtiitet, <tc. ; Watelet and Levesque, Dictionnairt del ArU, 

 i(v. / Kiorillo, Gctchichte der Mahlercy, vol. iii.) 



BOUCHER, RKV. JONATHAN, born 1737, died 1804, a divine, a 

 political writer, a general scholar, and an English philologist of the 

 last century, to whose memory justice has been imperfectly rendered. 



Ho was born in Cumberland, near the little town of Wigton, at a 

 place called Blencogo, where his father had a few acres of land, and 

 lived in a somewhat primitive style of frugality. Boucher was trained 

 int at a school at Blencogo, and afterwards at Wigton, where he had 

 For his master the clergyman of Graystock, Mr. Blaine, with whom he 

 read some of the higher Latin and Greek classics. Under this master 

 Boucher pursued his studies with great assiduity, and at the age of 

 seventeen or eighteen he entered on the business of school instruction; 

 in a little time he became an usher in the grammar-school at Saint 

 Bees, which at that time, about 1756, enjoyed a high reputation under 

 Dr. James, a good and learned master. While here, the instruction of 

 youth in the rudiments of classical knowledge was bis business ; the 

 perusal and study of the great writers, and especially of the great 

 poets of antiquity, his recreation. He is said to havo hero executed 

 a translation of TyrUeus, About 175(5 or 1757 he left England, and 

 took up his residence amongst the American colonists. His services 

 were soon engaged by a gentleman in Virginia of wealth and respect- 

 ability as tutor to bis children. That power which natural talent, 

 attainment, and character united, never fail to give, where tho natural 

 tendency is not counteracted by some one of the various forms in 

 which an over-estimate of them by the party himself appears, was 

 soon manifested. The vestry of the parish of Hanover, in the county 

 of King George, Virginia, nominated him to the rectory of that parish 

 in 1761, when he was only four-;ind-twenty. This nomination be 

 accepted, and instantly repaired to England, where ho received ordi- 

 nation from the Bishop of London both as deacon and priest on the 

 same day. From this time to 1775 he continued in an assiduous 

 discharge of his ministerial iluti' . He removed from the parish of 

 Hanover to that of St. Mary in Caroline county, Virginia, lying on the 

 Rappahanock. When Sir Robert Eden became governor of Maryland, 

 he appointed Mr. Boucher to the rectory of St. Anne's in Annapolis, 

 and afterwards of Queen Anne's in Prince George's county, where he 

 was living in 1775, when there was a violent and sudden change in 

 his affairs. These fourteen years were a critical period iu tho history 

 of the American colonies. Mr. Boucher has afforded us the means of 

 judging with tolerable accuracy how his talents, station, and character 

 were made to bear upon the feeling and action of the people with 

 whose interests be had connected bis own. Many years after ho pub- 

 lished a volume of discourses which he had delivered from the pulpit 

 at various times during those years. Most of them were printed at 

 the time when they were delivered. Tbey are in fact for the most 

 part political sermons, preached however usually on public occasions, 

 when it is allowed to the ministers of religion to enlarge somewhat 

 tho usual limit* of pulpit instruction. They exhibit a robust sense, a 

 mind stored with classical erudition, and there are occasionally burst* 

 of a simple eloquence. He advocates a liberal toleration to Dissenters, 

 and a careful attention to a general diffusion of sound education on a 

 religious basis. On the question of tho Stamp Act he partook of the 

 popular enthusiasm ; and on the whole he seems to have been inclined 

 to a liberal policy, and to the maintenance of the independence and 

 just right* of the colonies. 



But when the time came that all connection with the mother 

 country was to be renounced, and all allegiance to the British throne, 

 Mr. Boucher was one of those who neither admitted the principle nor 

 thought themselves at liberty to remain entirely passive, lie con- 

 tinued to use in his church the public liturgy, and to read tho prayer* 

 for the king and the royal family as he had been accustomed, when all 

 around him was resistance and rebellion. He was DOW regnr 

 the light of one who was a traitor to the common interest. It was 

 intimated to him that he must either desist from reading those 

 prayers or resign his charge. His conduct was decided; and without 

 hesitation ho resigned his charge. This was a time when there could 



