86? 



BOUILLAUD. 



BOULAINVILLIE11S, HENRI DE. 



833 



tion, died in his arms, and Bouhours published an account of his illness 

 nd last moments (Paris, 1663). His second publication was ' Histoire 

 de Pierre d'Aubusson, Grand Maltre de Rhodes,' 8vo, 1667. which has 

 been translated into English. He was then engaged on a commission 

 to the Roman Catholic refugees from England to Dunkirk; and was 

 introduced to the substantial patronage of Colbert by two critical 

 works ' Remarques et doutes sur la Langue Franchise," and ' Les 

 Eutretiens d'Ariste et d'Eugene,' 1671. In the latter occurs a question 

 most offensive to German national pride " Whether it be possible for 

 a German to be a wit ? " These works awakened a host of critics. 

 Baillet affirmed tliat few exceeded Bouhours in knowledge of French 

 "stiles et des locutions;" and the 'Jugemens des Savans' contain 

 more than one very favourable opinion from the censors of Trevoux. 

 Menage, on the contrary, stated that Bouhours wrote with politeness, 

 but without either judgment or learning ; that he was unacquainted 

 with Greek and Hebrew, scholastic divinity, and canon law ; that he 

 had not read the fathers, the councils, or ecclesiastical history ; that 

 he was but a poor grammarian iu his native tongue, and the most 

 ignorant person in the world as to the general principles of grammar ; 

 that his 'Doutes' contained more faults in language, learning, and 

 judgment than they filled pages ; that he had never read the Bible ; 

 that he was unversed in Italian, concerning which he made great 

 parade ; was an unskilful etymologist, and an unsound logician. Not- 

 withstanding this most cutting and ferocious declamation, it is said 

 that Bouhours cultivated and enjoyed the friendship of Menage; and j 

 Colbert certainly assigned to him the education of his son, the Marquis [ 

 de Scignelai. The other chief works of Bouhours were ' Dialogues 

 sur la manicre de bien penser dans les Ouvrages d'Esprit,' 1687. 

 Vulture is the hero of the piece, and Rapin is extolled as fully equal 

 to Virgil. This false criticism received a very severe handling from 

 Barbier d'Aucour. In 1683 Bouhours published a 'Life of Ignatius,' 

 and not long afterwards one of ' Francis Xavier.' The latter is chiefly 

 remarkable as having been selected for translation by Dryden soon 

 after his profession of the Romish faith. Bouhours published in 1697 

 a French translation of the Vulgate New Testament, which was by 

 common consent admitted to be a failure. Some minor devotional 

 pieces may be added to the list of his writings. He died in the college 

 at Clermont at Paris, May 27, 1702, in the seventy -fourth year of 

 bis age. 



BOUILLAUD, or BOULLIAU, latinised BULLIALDUS (ISMAEL), 

 born at Loudun, September 28th, 1605, died November 25,1694, at 

 Paris. He was originally a Protestant, but became a Roman Catholic, 

 and retired into the Abbey of St. Victor, at Paris. He travelled in 

 various part* of Europe in the service of John Casimir, king of Poland. 

 Nothing more of his life in remembered ; but such of his works 

 (which were many, see Lalamle ' Bibliogr. Astron.') as by themselves or 

 their consequences entitle him to a place here, are in the following list. 

 Bouillaud was a combination of a fanciful speculator and hard-work- 

 ing calculator, a good scholar, and well versed in the history of 

 astronomy. His notion that light is a sort of substance intermediate 

 between mind and matter entitles him to the first appellation, and 

 his Philolaic Astronomy to the rest. 



The earlier followers of Copernicus were accustomed to rank them- 

 Felres, and to be considered by others, as followers of some one or 

 other among the ancients who advocated, or were supposed to have 

 advocated, the motion of the earth ; either Pythagoras, Aristarchus, 

 or Philolaus. The first work we shall notice of Bouillaud is his 

 ' Philolaus, sen de vero Systemate Mundi,' 1639. After this he gave 

 an edition of Theon of Smyrna, 1644, nnd in the following year his 

 ' Astronomia Philolaica' (in his own catalogue of De Thou's library he 

 calls it ' Astrologia'), which contains : 1, 'Prolegomena' on the history 

 of astronomy, which are often cited, and are the basis of several facts. 

 '2, An exposition of a system of astronomy, which is Copernican as to 

 the annual motion of the earth and Ptolemaic as to the diurnal motion, 

 and the precession of the equinoxes. It is throughout an attack 

 upon the laws of Kepler, of which he only admits that which asserts 

 the planets to move in ellipses. Each ellipse he treats as the section 

 of an obliqne cone, one of the foci of which is in the axis (the sun 

 being in the other focus), and he asserts that the planets describe 

 equal angles in equal times round the axis, or rather that a plane 

 passing through the planet and the axis describes equal angles in equal 

 times. The celebrated hypothesis of Dr. Seth Ward consists in 

 supposing the planet to describe equal angles in equal times about 

 the focus in which the sun is not. Both hypotheses are very nearly 

 true for ellipses of ?mall excentricity, and of the two, that of Bouil- 

 laud is said to come a little nearer. Seth Ward replied to Bouillaud 

 in his 'Idea Trigonometric Demonstrate,' &c. Oxford, 1654, and 

 Bouillaud rejoined in a tract entitled ' Astr. Phil, fundamcnta clarius 

 explicata,' Paris, 1657. 3, A set of tables, styled ' Philolaica!,' calcu- 

 lated for the meridian of Uraniburg (Tycho Brrfhe's Observatory), 

 liouillaud here makes use of various Arab observations detected by 

 himself in the ' Bibliotbcque Royale.' It must also be noticed that 

 he was the first who disinterred the observations of Thins. These 

 table* have received great praise, and are not without their merits : 

 but most of their value consists in what is taken from Kepler's 



i.nds, or from the Rudolphine Tables. 



IJoiiillaud imagined that the laws of the planetary motions could 

 be entirely deduced from geometrical reasoning. He blames Kepler 



for attending to any other method of determining a law. But still he 

 had the good fortune to make a guess, which, had he been Newton, 

 would not have lain idle in his hands. He asserts, in opposition to 

 Kepler, that the law of the attracting force of the sun, if such a 

 thing be, cannot be inversely as the distances, but inversely as the 

 square of the distances. He is thus the first who started this notion. 

 He has certainly the advantage of Kepler in another point, when he 

 asks why the sun only attracts the planets, and why the planets only 

 resist motion, and do uot produce it. 



We may also mention of Bouillaud his ' Opus novuru ad Arithmeti- 

 cam mfinitorum, Paris,' 1682, whicli is a continuation of the researches 

 contained in the ' Arith. infin.' of Wallia, but not applied to geometry ; 

 and also his ' Catalogue Bibliothecae Thuaua;,' made by him in coujuuc- 

 tion with James and Peter Dupuis (Puteanus), Paris, 1679. 



BOUILLON, GODFREY ( GODEFROY ), DUKE OF, in the 

 Ardennes, was the eldest son of Gustavus II., count of Boulogne, a 

 descendant by the female ling from Charlemagne, and of Ida, sister of 

 Godfrey le Bossu, duke of Brabant, or Basse-Lorraine. The date of 

 his birth is not given, but the marriage of his parents took place in 

 December, 1059. In his youth, Godfrey bore the great standard of 

 the empire in the service of Henri IV. At the battle of Merseberg, 

 October 2, 1081, his sword sheared off the right hand of the Pretender 

 Rodolph, who died on the following day iu consequence of his wound ; 

 and Godfrey, whose distinguished bravery had been rewarded by the 

 ducal title, was among the first who scaled the walls of Rome in the 

 subsequent attack upon it. It is believed that remorse for the violation 

 of the holy city of the west occasioned his vow of joining in the crusade 

 which was to rescue the still more holy oriental metropolis. His 

 celebrity in arms, his noble descent, and his general high reputation 

 for both morals and valour, readily procured him the chief command 

 of the projected expedition; and 80,000 foot and 10,000 horsemen 

 were placed under his immediate orders by the confederates. His 

 gathering was formed on the banks of the Meusu and of the Moselle, 

 and thence he advanced through Germany, Bohemia, and Hungary. 

 By discretion, and by fearlessly trusting himself to the good faith of 

 Carlomau, king of Hungary, he removed the suspicions which had 

 been justly excited in that prince and his subjects by the licentiousness 

 of former pilgrims; and after a short delay, he was greatly assisted iu 

 his march upon the Saracens by an escort of Hungarian cavalry. In 

 union with the other divisions of the Latin army under the towers of 

 Constantinople, he was employed in dispelling the not unreasonable 

 jealousy displayed by the Emperor Alexius ; and afterwards, by tlio 

 capture of Nieoea and by retrieving the battle of Dorylaeum, he opened 

 the passage through Asia Minor. Antioch next fell before his arms, 

 but not until it had detained him many mouths and had occasioned 

 fearful loss. Among the prodigies of valour (and the phrase, however 

 common-place, may here be received in its literal sense) which the 

 original historians of the crusades delight to record of their heroes, is 

 an instance that Godfrey, on one occasion, during this siege, by a 

 single stroke of his sword, split a Saracen from the left shoulder to 

 the right haunch, and that the entire head and a moiety of the trunk 

 of the Infidel fell upon the spot into the river Orontes, while the sitting 

 half entered the town on horseback. In May, 1099, the crusaders 

 advanced from Antioch and Laodicea to Jerusalem ; but of their own 

 mighty host scarcely 40,000 men remained alive, of whom one-half 

 was unfit for combat. Godfrey, while pursuing the hazardous diver- 

 sion of the chace during his march through Pisidia, had been torn by 

 a wild boar; and so greatly was he injured in this rough encounter, 

 that a litter became necessary for his conveyance over Mount Taurus. 

 On arriving at Jerusalem he encamped his division on Mount Calvary, 

 and afte.- five weeks of severe struggle and acute suffering, the Holy 

 City was carried by storm on July loth, 460 years after its conquest 

 by Omar. Three days of unsparing butchery succeeded this brilliant 

 triumph, during which the exertions of Godfrey were wholly inadequate 

 to restrain the lawless passions of the soldiery flushed with victory. 

 The unanimous voice of the Christian army, after much intrigue, 

 proclaimed him first Latin King of Jerusalem; but his piety and 

 modest forbearance rejected the title ; and even when in the end he 

 consented to assume the inferior style of ' Defender and Baron of the 

 Holy Sepulchre,' he persisted in refusing to wear any diadem in that 

 city in which his Redeemer had been crowned with thorns. He 

 secxired himself in the government to which he had been thus honour- 

 ably elevated, by totally overthrowing the myriads brought against 

 him by the sultan of Egypt, at Ascalon, August 12, 1099. With the 

 assistance and advice of those pilgrims who were best skilled in 

 European jurisprudence, Godfrey compiled and promulgated a code 

 named 'Les Assiees de Jerusalem;' which, as finally revised towards 

 the close of the 14th century for the use of the Latin kingdom of 

 Cyprus, is printed in old law French in Beaumanoir's ' Continues de 

 Beauvaisais,' Bourges and Paris, 1690. Godfrey died in 1100. His 

 virtues and talents are now chiefly remembered by the glowing eulogy 

 of Tasso ; but they are fully avouched by the concurrent testimony of 

 historians frequently differing on other points. 



BOULAINVILLIERS, HENRI DE, Count of St. Saire, in Nor- 

 mandy, was of an ancient and noble family, of Picard extraction. He 

 was the eldest son of Francois, count of St. Saire, and of Susanne de 

 Manneville; and was born at the place from which he derived his 

 hereditary title, October 21 et, 1658. Ho studied at St. Julien, where 



