BOUCHIER, JOHtf. 



BOURDON', SEBASTIAN". 



of such a trial, under luch government u that of France at that 

 time, may be easily foreseen. The parliament doereed that all the 

 pro|rty in litigation abould be tequettrated : which waa to reduce 

 Bourbon to beggary. 



It will be unnecessary in a work like this to follow Bourbon >tep by 

 st*p in the disastrous route that conducted him from being the first 

 cubject in France to be an exile and an outlaw. We have traced his 

 career hitherto with tome minutenen, a* tending to throw light on 

 the nature of the European gorernuieuU in the 1 6th century. If auch 

 a thing had happened in France, two or perhaps oven one crutury 

 earlier, to a man ao powerful aa Bourbon at once by station and 

 by talent and energy, the probable result would hare been very dif- 

 ferent. The struggle would moat likely bare terminated in Charles of 

 Bourbon filling the throne of France in the room of Francis of Valois. 

 Aa it was, another fate was reserved for Bourbon. Francis having 

 obtained intelligence that Bourbon had entered into a secret corre- 

 apoodence with the Emperor Charles V., Bourbon was obliged to make 

 bis escape from France, which he did with some difficulty. Some 

 proposal* which were afterwards made to him by Francis were rejected 

 by Bourbon, who bad good reason to distrust his sincerity. Bourbon 

 was now thrown upon Charles V., who, though not a little disap- 

 pointed at receiving a banished man instead of a powerful ally, as he 

 had first expected, appointed him his lieutenant-general in Italy. He 

 surrounded him however with colleagues and spies. 



In 1525 the result of the famous battle of Pavia, where Bourbon 

 commanded a body of about 19,000 Germans, whom he had raised 

 professedly for the emperor's service, chiefly by means of his high 

 military reputation, afforded him ample vengeance for his wrongs, in 

 the destruction of the French army, and particularly in the capture of 

 Francis and the death of Bonnivet, his chief personal enemy. 



But Bourbon, although to his military talents and skill the victory 

 at I'avia had been mainly owing, found that he was still regarded with 

 distrust by Charles, and with jealousy by his general*. The slights 

 and mortifications, too, to which his fighting against his king and his 

 native country subjected him, rendered his position anything but an 

 agreeable or easy one ; and contributed, with the roving and unsettled 

 life he had led since his exile, to produce in him something of the 

 recklessness, and even ferocity of the brigands he commanded, and to 

 give to his natural ambition much of the genuine and legitimate cha- 

 racter of'large and wholesale robbery. It was in the complex state of 

 mind, made up of some such elements as these, that he came to the 

 resolution of acting independently of the emperor, and commencing 

 business as king on his own account. Fortune seemed to throw in 

 hia way one means of accomplishing this object, in attaching to him- 

 self, by the allurement of an immense booty, the army which the 

 emperor did not pay. He formed the daring resolution of leading that 

 army to Rome, and giving up to it the riches of that famous city ; and 

 he immediately proceeded to put it in execution. This expedition has 

 boon con-id' red one of the boldest recorded in history. Bourbon was 

 obliged to abandon bis communication with the Milanese, to march 

 for more than a hundred leagues through an enemy's country, to cross 

 rivers, to pass the Apennines, and to keep in check three armies. Add 

 to this, what rendered the enterprise important a* distinguishing it 

 from others of a similar nature undertaken by large robbers, the 

 moral d*nger and difficulty of attacking the very centre of the power 

 of Catholicism, as it were, laying bare the mysteries of its sanctuary, 

 and, to a certain extent, destroying the powerful njwll by which it had 

 to lorg bound up the faculties of mankind. 



On the evening of the 5th of May 1527 Bourbon arrived before 

 Home. On the following morning, at day-break, he commenced the 

 assault, being hims-lf the firit who mounted the walls, and alo, 

 according to the French historian, the first who fell, by a shot fired, 

 it is said, l>y a priest. Benvrnuto Cellini says that it was he who shot 

 Bourbon ; and Quicciardini does not clear up the point. It is how- 

 ever of small consequence, two facts being certain, that he fell in 

 the beginning of the assault, and that his army took the city, iu 

 which they committed all, and more than all, the usual excesses of 

 sack. 



Charles V. made it one of the conditions of peace with Francis that 

 the poMcstions of the constable should bo restored to his family, and 

 hia memory re-established. Francis eluded, as much as he was able, 

 the fulfilment of this condition. But the wreck of the constable's 

 fortune waa sufficient to render his nephew, Louis de Bourbon, 1'rinco 

 de la Koche-ur-Yon, and afterwards Due de Montpenvier, one of the 

 riches* prince* of the blood, although it did not form, perhaps, a third 

 Irt of the revenues of the Dnc de Bourbon. 



BOUCHIK1! .i"ll.V (HEKXEIIO, LOAD.] 



I 01 'itCHIER. or BOUBOCHIKB, THOMAS, Archbishop of Can- 

 terbury in the successive reigns of Henry VI.. Kdnmd IV., Kchvord V., 

 Ilichard III., and Henry VII., was son of William Bourchiir, carl of 

 Eu in Normandy, by Anne, daughter of Thonia* of Woodstock, sixth 

 sou of Edward 1 1 1. His brother was Henry, earl of Essex. Bourchicr 

 rcosivsd bis education at Oxford, and was chancellor of that I'nm-r- 

 sitj from 1434 to 1487. His first dignity in the church was the 

 deanery of St. Martin in London, from which in 1434 he was advanced 

 by Pope Kugenius IV. to the see of Worcester. In 1438 he was 

 iKUd by the monki .if Ely bishop of that see, but the king refusing 

 his consent the election was not complied will), and the tee continued 



vacant till 1443, when the king yielding his consent Bourchier was 

 translated thither. In April 1454 Bourchier was elected archbishop 

 of Canterbury ; and in December following received the rod hat from 

 Rome, being created cardinal-priest of St. Cyriacus in Thermi*. In 

 1 450 he became lord chancellor of England, but resigned that office in 

 October of the following year. 



Several acts of Cardinal Bourchier's life were memorable. He was 

 one of the chief persons by whose means the art of printing was intro- 

 duced into England. He was the person who, seduced by the specious 

 pretences of Richard, duke of Gloucester, persuaded the queen to 

 deliver up the Duke of York, her son ; and be performed the marriage 

 ceremony between Henry VII. and Elizabeth of York. 



He died at his palace of Knowle, near Seveuoaks on the 30th of 

 March, HS6, and was buried at Canterbury, where bis tomb still 

 remains on the north ,-ide of the choir near the high altar. Tho arch- 

 bishops of Canterbury and York, and the bishops of Durham, as the 

 reader will remember, hod anciently the privilege of coining money. 

 A half-groat of Edward IV., struck at Canterbury during Bourchu-r's 

 primacy, has the family cognisance, the Bourchier knot, under thu 

 king's head. This u unnoticed by any of the writers on English 

 coins. 



BOURDALOUE, LOUIS, was born at Bourges, Aug. 20, 1632, and 

 professed among the Jesuits on Nov. 30, 1648. Having 1. . 

 successively in grammar, rhetoric, humanity, and moral tihil" 

 with considerable repute, -he commenced as preacher in the Jesuit 

 church of St. Louis at Paris in the year 1669. It was not long before 

 Louis XIV. became a personal attendant upon hia sermons, which \\.re 

 heard with undiminished delight by overflowing congregations in thu 

 seasons of Advent and Lent for four-and-tweuty year.-". After the 

 revocation of the edict of Nautec, Bourdaloue was despatched, in 

 on an especial mission into Languedoc, in which province he pr 

 a deep impression, chiefly at Montpellier. His latter years were prin- 

 cipally devoted to attendance in the confessional, bis advice and 

 religious guidance being widely sought after, in visiting hospitals an 1 

 prisons, and in the preaching of charity sermons ; and he continued 

 to be a frequent occupant of the pulpit till a very few days before his 

 death, which occurred on May 13, 1704. His sermons have often 

 been reprinted. The first complete edition was that by Bretouneau, 

 16 vols. Svo. Paris 1707-34 ; the beat edition ia that of Mequignon, 

 1822-26 in 17 vols. Svo, and 20 vols. 12mo. The sermons of Bourda- 

 loue abound more in sound reasoning and theological learning than in 

 oratorical power, and they ore better suited to the chastened taste of 

 Protestantism than the efforts of most other celebrated French 

 divines. It has been said with more justice than usually belongs to 

 antithesis, that Bossuet is sublime from elevation, liourdaloue from 

 depth of thought. 



BOURDON, SEI3ASTIAX, one of the most eminent painters that 

 France has produced, was born at Montpellier in I(il6. His father, 

 a painter on glass, instructed him in the element) of his art. At thu 

 age of seven a relation took him to Paris and placed him utnler :>.i, 

 artiat of no great ability ; but the genius of the pujiil 

 deficiencies of the master. While yet H boy, being in want of other 

 employment, he enliated iu the army. Luckily his commanding officer 

 possessed taste enough to discern tlio natural powers of the young 

 recruit, and be gave him his discharge. At eighteen he passed into 

 Italy, where he made acquaintance with Claude Lorraine. He 

 remained there but three years, being obliged to leave the country iu 

 consequence of a quarrel with a painter, who threatened to denounce 

 him as a Calviniat. During his stay he occupied himself in studying, 

 -. and imitating the works of Titian, Pounsin, Claud.-, Andrea 

 Sacchi, Michel Angela delle Battaglie, and Bnmboccio. So retentive 

 was bis memory, that he copied a picture of Claude's from recollection ; 

 a performance which astonished that great master as much as any who 

 saw it. 



On his return to France, Bourdon received some instruction from 

 Du Guernior, a miniature painter in great repute, whoso sinter he. 

 married; a connection which procured him an in. iploy- 



metit. He succeeded in attaining in a short time a high professional 

 standing, and he was one of the artist* concerned iu founding the 

 Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, of which he became the 

 first rector. Compelled to quit Franco by the civil wars in ! 

 went into Sweden, and Christina who then occupied the throne 

 appointed him her principal painter. In this capacity he executed 

 many pictures, and among them a portrait of his royal mistress on 

 horseback. While he wan at work upon it the queen took occasion to 

 mention some pictures which her father hod become possessed of, and 

 desired him to examine them. Bourdon returned a very favourable 

 report of the collection, particularly of some paintings by Correggio ; 

 and his generous patroness at once made him a prevent of them. The 

 painter, however, with no less generosity, declined the oiler ; nayiug 

 that the pictures were among the fine.-t in Europe ami that sho mi-h't, 

 nut In part with them. The queen ke.pt them accordingly, and taking 

 them to Rome with bar after her abdication, they ultimately found 

 their way into the Orleans collection. 



When Christina vacated the throne llonrdou returned to France, 

 which had become somewhat quieter, and employment nil. 

 abundance. At this period ho painted the 'JVd Christ' nn 

 'Woman taken in Adultery,' two of his most famous pictures. 11. 



