886 



BOYLSTON, ZABDIEL. 



BOZZARIS, MARCOS. 



SS8 



the poiut of leaving the kingdom for the purpose of having an inter- 

 view with Charles II., when his proceedings, and the future course of 

 his life, were turned in another direction by the dexterous manage- 

 ment of Cromwell, who, with the members of the Committee of Public 

 Safety, had become acquainted with Lord Broghill's intentions. Crom- 

 well had been struck with the possibility of securing the services of 

 Lord Broghill in the cause of the Commonwealth, and having the sanc- 

 tion of the members of the committee, he sent a message to his lord- 

 ship informing him of his desire to wait upon him, and followed his 

 own messenger so quickly, that he entered his lordship's apartments 

 before he had time to deliberate upon the meaning of the communi- 

 cation. Cromwell informed Lord Broghill that the Committee of 

 Safety were acquainted with his intended movements, which he detailed. 

 Lord Broghill attempted to deny the facts, on which Cromwell pro- 

 duced copies of papers which his lordship had confidentially addressed 

 to friends of the royalist cause. The frank and candid manner of 

 Cromwell, the just compliments which he paid to Lord Broghill's 

 merits, and the real service which he was doing him by protecting him 

 from the consequences of his conduct, completely succeeded in gaining 

 him to Cromwell's proposals. Cromwell, who was about to proceed 

 with an army to Ireland, offered Broghill the command of a general 

 officer, with a condition that his services should be limited to the im- 

 mediate object of the expedition. Broghill, after some hesitation, 

 accepted Cromwell's proposition. His services in Ireland proved that his 

 abilities had not been overrated. On one or two occasions his boldness 

 and activity were of signal value, especially during the siege of Clon- 

 mel, when his vigilance prevented the rebels from forming in the rear 

 of the army during the siege. While engaged upon this service he 

 received an urgent message from Cromwell recalling him to Clonmel, 

 the siege of which he feared he should be compelled to raise, as there 

 w much disease in the army, and it had been twice repulsed by the 

 Irub. At the end of three days Lord Broghill appeared at the head 

 of hu> division before Clonmel, when Cromwell caused the whole army 

 to salute him by the cry of ' A Broghill ! a Broghill ! ' Cromwell 

 himself embraced him, and shortly afterwards, though it was in the 

 depth of winter, Clonmel was taken. 



Under the Protectorate Lord Broghill was one of the privy council, 

 and at the special request of Cromwell he went to preside in Scotland. 

 Richard Cromwell selected him as one of the cabinet council, along 

 with Dr. Williams and Colonel Philip*, and more than once his lord- 

 ship's political talents were most dexterously employed in sustaining 

 the Protector's interests. But the impossibility of Richard Cromwell 

 any longer retaining the protectorate becoming Boon evident, Lord 

 Broghill, conceiving that the country might otherwise fall into the 

 hands of a cabal, used every exertion to bring about the Restoration. 

 He repaired to Ireland, and by his influence secured the co-operation 

 of some of the most important individuals in the army, and soon after 

 sent Lord Shannon, his younger brother, with a letter encouraging 

 Charles II. to land in Ireland. 



After the Restoration Lord Broghill was created earl of Orrery, and 

 took his seat in the cabinet council. He also acted as one of the lords 

 justices for the government of Ireland, and was appointed lord presi- 

 dent of the province of Munster. In the leisure which succeeded the 

 active part of his life, the Earl of Orrery, at the king's request, wrote 

 several plays. He wrote also some verses on the death of Cowley, and 

 other poetical pieces ; a thin folio, on the art of war ; and ' Parthe- 

 nissa,' a large romance in folio, part of which he wrote by desire of 

 Henrietta Maria, daughter of Charles I. These productions have no 

 great merit, and were chiefly written during severe attacks of the gout. 



He opposed a petition presented to the king by the Irish Catholics, 

 praying for the restoration of their estates : the prayer of the peti- 

 tioners was rejected. The Act of Settlement, which was drawn up by 

 the Earl of Orrery, contains stipulations by which those Roman Catho- 

 lics who had conducted themselves loyally were restored to their pos- 

 sessions. In a local court, in which he presided in virtue of his office 

 of Lord President of Munster, he is stated to have acted with great 

 wisdom and equity. The Earl of Orrery died Oct. 16th, 1679, in his 

 59th year. 



BOYLSTON, ZABDIEL, an American physician, was born in the 

 state of Massachusetts in 1684. He was the first to introduce inocu- 

 lation into New England, where the practice became general before it 

 was common in Great Britain. In 1721 the small-pox broke out at 

 Boston in an alarming manner, when Dr. Cotton Mather pointed out 

 to the profession an account of inoculation as practised in the East, 

 which was contained in a volume of the ' Transactions of the Royal 

 Society." Notwithstanding the ridicule with which his medical 

 brethren treated this mode of counteracting a virulent disease, 

 Boylston had the courage to inoculate his own son. In the years 

 1721 and 1722, the practice of inoculation spread, and, with one or 

 two exceptions, it was attended with the most successful results. But 

 such were the obstinate prejudices of the profession and the public 

 generally, that clamours were raised against Boylston, and his life was 

 in danger in consequence of the excited state of popular feeling; 

 even the ' select men ' of Boston passed a by-law prohibitory of inocu- 

 lation. It was alleged that the practice increased the probabilities of 

 contagion, and also that the disease being a judgment from Heaven on 

 men's sins, it was impious to adopt such means to avert its wrath. 

 Boylston outlived these prejudices, and acquired a considerable fortune 



by the successful practice of his profession. During a visit which he 

 paid to England, he met with great attention, and was elected a Fellow 

 of the Royal Society. He corresponded with this body on his return 

 to America, and some of his papers are printed in the Society's 

 'Transactions.' He was the author of two works relating to the 

 small-pox (one a pamphlet published at Boston), both of which are in 

 the library of the British Museum. The other work was printed in 

 London during the visit which he paid to this country. 



BOYSE, SAMUEL, a writer of considerable poetical talent, but 

 remarkable chiefly for the singular contrast of his elevated imagination 

 and rectitude of moral sentiment, as displayed in his writings, and his 

 dissolute propensities. He was the son of Joseph Boyse, an eminent 

 dissenting minister, and was born in Dublin in 1708. Being destined 

 for the pulpit, he was sent by his father to the University of Glasgow, 

 where, after spending a few months in idleness, he married while yet 

 in his teens ; and with his wife and her sister, who in dissipation and 

 indolence were similar to himself, he returned to Dublin, and occa- 

 sioned by his dissolute conduct the ruin and death of his father. 

 Boyse then went to Edinburgh, and published in 1731 a volume of 

 poems, with a flattering dedication to the Countess of Eglinton, who, 

 with Lord Stormont (on the death of whose lady Boyse had published 

 a laudatory elegy), patronised him, and kindly recommended him to 

 Lord Mansfield and the Duchess of Gordon, by whom, and also by 

 Lords Stair and Tweedale, he was furnished with introductory letters 

 to the lord chancellor, Sir Peter King, Pope, and other important 

 personages hi England, whither he removed to escape from the 

 importunity of his creditors in Scotland. But his indolence and 

 aversion to refined society defeated the friendly intentions of his 

 patrons ; so that, resorting to a squalid garret in London, he relied 

 upon the sale of his verses and the charitable donations of literary 

 individuals, whose compassion he excited by the most servile and 

 pathetic protestations of his miserable condition. In 1740 he pub- 

 lished his principal work, a poem entitled ' Deity ' one of the 

 numerous attempts at poetical sublimity in which the most ridiculous 

 faults are tolerated solely on account of the subject. The devotional 

 reflections, though incoherent, and made often apparently to furnish a 

 rhyme, display an occasional energy of poetical conception which 

 even Pope declared he would not disown. But we can feel only 

 disgust at the pious pretensions of a man who, often with a guinea 

 obtained by employing his wife to write mendicant letters, could 

 gratify his sensuality at a tavern while she and her child were suffering 

 with cold and hunger. Boyse was a very copious contributor of verses 

 to the ' Gentleman's Magazine : ' these verses have the signatures ' Y ' 

 and ' Alcseus,' and if collected would form about six 8vo volumes. 

 Among his separate publications are, 'Albion's Triumph,' a poem on 

 the battle of Dettingen ; ' An Historical Review of the Transactions 

 in Europe during 1739-45 ;' ' Chaucer's Tales in Modern English,' &c. 

 He- was not deficient in ability as a classical scholar, and a translator 

 of German, Dutch, and French ; but his inveterate habit of drinking 

 hot beer in the lowest pot-houses at length stupified his mind, and 

 reduced him to the necessity of pledging even his clothes. In this 

 predicament he sometimes, for several weeks, sat up in bed composing 

 odes and elegies for the ' Gentleman's Magazine.' All the mourning 

 he could afford on the death of his wife was a pennyworth of black 

 ribbon, which he tied round the neck of his little dog. His wretched- 

 ness, like that of Savage, was commiserated by Dr. Johnson, who 

 instituted for him, among his friends, a subscription of sixpences. 

 His benefactors, wearied out with his applications, at length abandoned 

 him, and in May 1749 he died in his garret in Shoe-lane, with his pen 

 in his hand, as he sat in his blanket translating the treatise of Fenelon 

 on the existence of God. He left a second wife in extreme poverty, 

 and was buried at the expense of the parish. 



BO'ZZARIS, MARCOS, a native of Souli in the mountains of 

 Epirus, born about the end of the 18th century, was yet a boy P'J the 

 time of the war of extermination waged by All Pasha of Januina 

 against the Souliotes. [ALT PASHA.] At the close of that war in 1803 

 Bozzaris and his father were among the remnant of the Souliote popu- 

 lation who succeeded in reaching Parga, whence they went over to the 

 Ionian Islands, then under the protection of Russia. In 1820, when 

 the war broke out between the sultan and Ali, about 800 Souliotes, 

 who were stiil in the Ionian Islands, offered their services to the Otto- 

 man admiral against their old enemy, and were accordingly landed on 

 the coast of Epirus. Soon after, however, having reason to complain 

 of the Turks, and at the same time receiving favourable proposals with 

 a bribe of money from Ali, they went over to the pasha, by whom they 

 were replaced in possession of their native mountains. This enabled 

 Ali to carry on the contest against the sultan for two years longer. 

 The Souliotes now fought for him with their accustomed bravery 

 under the command of Bozzaris, and their ranks were swelled by other 

 Epirotes to about 3000 fighting men. With this force Bozzaris gained 

 several advantages over the Turkish army, which was acting in Epirus 

 against Ali. In the spring of 1821 the sultan sent Khourshid Pasha 

 with a fresh army, who laid siege to Jannina. Bozzaris and his 

 Souliotes annoyed the Turks by bold diversions in their rear, whilo 

 the Greek revolution breaking out at the same time added to the diffi- 

 culties of the sultan. On the taking of Jannina and the death of Ali 

 in February 1522, the Souliotes continued the war on their own 

 account, and being attacked by Khoui'shid iu their mountains, they 



