933 



BROME, ALEXANDER. 



BRONGNIART, ALEXANDRE. 



934 



is also F.R.S., and now professor of chemistry in the University of 

 Oxford. 



Some of Sir B. C. Brodie'a professional papers are published in the 

 'Transactions of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society.' His 

 other works are ' On Local Nervous Affections ;' ' On Various Subjects 

 in Pathology and Surgery ;' ' Pathological and Surgical Observations 

 on Diseases of the Joints,' Svo, 1818 (5th edition, 1850); ' Lectures on 

 the Diseases of the Urinary Organs,' Svo, 1832 (4th edition, 1849); 

 'Physiological Researches,' 1851; 'Psychological Inquiries,' 1854 (3rd 

 edition, 1856). 



BROME, ALEXANDER, born in 1620, became an attorney in 

 London. He was attached to the royalist party throughout the civil 

 ware, and, while his bacchanalian poems were popular among the 

 cavaliers, he rendered them more direct service by his satirical attacks 

 on their enemies. He was the reputed author of most of the songs 

 and epigrams in which the Rump Parliament was held up to ridicule. 

 A collected edition of his poems, original and translated, was published 

 in 1661. Several of his smaller pieces, lively and playful, though not 

 very vigorous or original, are given by Campbell in his ' Specimens.' 

 Among his compositions were contributions to a translation of Horace, 

 by Cowley, Faushaw, and others. He left also a comedy, ' The Cun- 

 ning Lovers,' printed in 1654. He died in 1666. The first collected 

 volume of Richard Brome's plays was edited by him. 



BROME, RICHARD, originally a servant of Ben Jonson, gained a 

 well-merited reputation as a comic dramatist. Of his life hardly any 

 particulars are known, and it is only by inference that he is set down 

 as having died in 1652. His extant comedies are fifteen. The earliest 

 of these, 'The Northern Lass,' was printed in 1632. Five others 

 appealed in one volume in 1653, and five more in a second volume 

 <:d in 1659. His 'Jovial Crew, or the Merry Beggars,' has a 

 place in the tenth volume of Dodsley's ' Old Plays.' Both it and 

 severa. of the others are good specimens of dramatic composition in 

 the acaool of Brome's old master. They possess, in particular, great 

 force in the representation of character. Altogether he may fairly 

 be ranked among the best of our old dramatists of the second 

 class. 



BROMLEY, WILLIAM, a distinguished line-engraver, born at 

 Carisbrooke in the Isle of Wight in 1769. He served his time with 

 an engraver of the name of Wooding, and in London soon attracted 

 the notice of several eminent painters by his works. He was very 

 much esteemed by Stothard, Flaxmau, Fuseli, and Sir Thomas Law- 

 rence. The most popular of his early works are the prints to 'Macklin's 

 Bible,' and a ' History of England ' after Stothard. He engraved 

 several portraits after Sir T. Lawrence, including two of the ' Duke of 

 Wellington," one on horseback, and ' Young Napoleon.' He engraved 

 also the ' Woman taken in Adultery,' after Rubens. He waa latterly 

 almost exclusively engaged by the Trustees of the British Museum, 

 especially in engraving the Elgin marbles from drawings made by the 

 late H. Corbould. Bromley survived his son John Bromley, likewise 

 an eminent engraver, three years ; he died in London in 1842, having 

 been for many years an associate engraver of the Royal Academy of 

 London, and a member of the Academy of St. Luke at Rome. 



JOUH BROMLEY wag born in Chelsea in 1795. He followed his 

 father's profession, but he chose a differout branch of it ; his works 

 are in mezzotinto, in which line he has had few superiors. He died 

 in 1839, aged only 44. Among his principal works are the following : 

 ' The Trial of Lord William Russell,' after Sir G. Hayter; ' Lady Jane 

 Grey refusing the Crown,' after G. li. Leslie, R. A. ; the ' Monks preaching 

 at Seville,' after J. Lewis ; the ' Duke of Athol hunting in Glen Tilt,' 

 after E. Landseer, R.A. ; the ' Trial of Queen Caroline,' after Sir G. 

 Hayter ; and the ' Reform Banquet,' after B. R. Haydon. 



(Art-Union Journal, June, 1S39 ; December, 1842.) 



BRO NDSTED PETER OLUF, a distinguished Danish archaeologist, 

 wag born on the 17th of November 1781, at Horsens in Jutland, where 

 his father was pastor. He afterwards studied at Copenhagen, and in 

 1806 he accompanied his friend Koes to Paris. After a stay of two 

 years in that capital, both friends went to Italy. In 1810 a party 

 consisting of Broudated himself, Koes, the architect Haller von Haller- 

 atein, Linckh, and Baron Stackelberg, undertook a journey to Greece, 

 where Brondsted and Stackolberg in particular made very extensive 

 excavations, by which great light was thrown upon various subjects of 

 antiquity. In 1813 Brondsted, on his return to Copenhagen, waa 

 appointed professor of Greek literature in the university of that city. 

 He mainly occupied himself with preparing the results of his investi- 

 gations in Greece for publication, but as he found that the literary 

 resources of Denmark would not enable him to carry out his plan ea 

 he wished, the Danish goverument was prevailed upon to appoint him 

 agent at the papal court of Rome, which post he entered upon in 1818. 

 After having settled at Rome, he visited in 1820 and 1821 the Ionian 

 Islands and Sicily ; and when the artistic portion of his work was 

 completed, he obtained leave to visit Paris to begin the printing of the 

 work itself. From Paris he made a journey in 1826 to England, and 

 the year after to Denmark, where he was honoured with the title of 

 Counsellor of Legation. In 1832, on his return to Copenhagen, he 

 wm* appointed Director of the Royal Museum of Antiquities, and 

 ordinary professor of philology and archaeology. In 1842 he was rector 

 of the university, but in consequence of a fall from his horse he died 

 in the same year, on the 26th of June. 



The principal works of Brondsted are his ' Travels and Investigations 

 in Greece, with Representations and Explanations of newly-discovered 

 Monuments,' which were published simultaneously in German and 

 French, Paris, 1826-30, two parts, 4to. After the publication of this 

 work he was severely attacked in the journal called 'Hermes ' (vol. xxxii.), 

 for having made too free use of Villoison's manuscripts in the royal 

 library at Paris, especially with respect to the island of Ceos. Brondsted 

 defended himself in a pamphlet entitled ' Ueber den Aufsatz im Hermes : 

 ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Pasquille," Paris, 1830; another de- 

 feuce had been published the year before by his friend Hage, under 

 the title ' Brondsted und Villoison,' Copenhagen. Among Brondated's 

 numerous antiquarian dissertations, the two principal were published 

 in English, ' A Brief Description of Thirty-two painted Greek Vases 

 found near Vulci,' London, 1832, and ' The Bronzes of Siris,' London, 

 1S36, foL, published at the expense of the Society of Dilettanti. A 

 translation in German of this work, with some additions, &c., by the 

 author, appeared at Copenhagen in the following year, 4to, 1837. Two 

 other works of his may be mentioned as of considerable value to the 

 historian, first, ' Beithige zur Danischen Geschichte ana Nordfranzo- 

 sischen Manuscripten des Mittelalters,'Copenhagen,1817-18, two parts; 

 and secondly, ' Deukwiirdigkeiten aus Griechenland in den Jahren 

 1827 und 1828, besonders in Militiirischer Beziehung,' Paris, 1833. 

 This last however was only edited by Brondsted, the substance beiug 

 taken from the posthumous papers of Major Frederic Mu'ller of Altdorf, 

 who had served in the Greek war. 



Besides the above publications, most of them pointing to the 

 illustration of ancient Gre,ek art, and highly characteristic of the 

 warm devotion of Brondsted to that subject, he had been long 

 occupied on the elaborate essays ou the composition and details of the 

 sculptures on the pediments of the Parthenon of Athens ; in aid of 

 which he had caused engravings to be executed of each of the entire 

 groups, and of the separate figures the former became a few years 

 ago the property of the Society of Dilettanti. The essays, although 

 never completed for the press, were liberally communicated by the 

 author to others, and they have formed the basis of some of the more 

 recent lectures and publications on the subject. 



Brondsted was also the author of a paper, printed at Naples in 1840 

 in the Italian language, on the bronze helmet discovered in 1817 near 

 Olympia, bearing the inscription of Hiero, son of Dinomenes ; and a 

 memoir on the Panatheuaic Vases, published by the Royal Society of 

 Literature, London, 1833. 



BRONGNIART, ALEXANDRE, an eminent chemist and mineralo- 

 gist, son of the architect of the Invalides, was born at Paris in 

 1770. He received a good education, promoted by his father's care, 

 and the friendship of Lavoisier and Franklin ; and it is said, delivered 

 a lecture on chemistry before he was fifteen. He pursued his 

 earliest scientific studies at the licole des Mines, and at the ficole 

 de Me'de'cine. At the age of nineteen he assisted in establishing the 

 Socie'te' Philomatique, and in 1790 he visited England for a scientific 

 examination of the mines and mining processes and pottery works of 

 Derbyshire. One of the results showed itself on his return to France 

 by his publication of a 'Me"moire sur 1'art de 1'dmailleur,' in which 

 improvements were suggested. He then became assistant for a time 

 to his uncle, who was chemical demonstrator at the Jurdin des 

 Plantes. 



By the requisition for military service which called every Frenchman 

 to the frontier, Bronsuiart was attached as apothecary to the army of 

 the Pyrenees, and for fifteen months he enjoyed opportunities, which 

 he turned to good account, of studying the botany, zoology, and 

 geology of the mountains. Having however been suspected of favour- 

 ing the escape of the naturalist, Broussonnet, he was imprisoned ; but 

 the ninth Thermidor restored him to liberty. He returned to Paris, 

 and was employed as engineer under the Agency of mines. Next he 

 was chosen professor of natural history at the ficole centrale dea 

 Quatre Nations; and in 1800 he was appointed director of the porce- 

 lain manufactory at Sevres, which office he held for the rest of his 

 life. He owed it to his paper on enamelling, which having been read 

 by Berthollet, procured him the recommendation of that distinguished 

 chemist. 



In 1807, at the instance of the Imperial University, Brongniart 

 publisued his ' TraittS e'le'mentaire de Min<5ralogie,' which is described 

 as "one of the best, and, in particular, one of the clearest and most 

 practical " then known. It became a text-book for lecturers ; and it 

 exhibits the originality and lucidity which had been remarked in the 

 author in his early years. Pursuing his zoological researches, he 

 studied the freshwater formations of Auvergue, and re-visited England 

 to study the corresponding formations of this country. It was he who 

 established the four divisions of reptiles, and first gave the names 

 Sauriant, Batrachiasns, Chelonians, and Ophidians, by which they are 

 now familiarly known. To him naturalists owe the name Trilubite, 

 and a basis of classification for those singular Crustacea. It has been 

 the starting-point for all subsequent works on the subject. 



Brongniart's studies rendered him the congenial associate of Cuvier ; 

 he helped to classify the Montmartra fossils, and in 1810 appeared the 

 joint publication " Essai sur la Ge'ographie inineralogique des Environs 

 de Paris.' It was reprinted hi the following year, with important 

 additions, and has ever since been recognised aa the classical type of 

 similar works. It confirmed Brongniart's reputation, and in 1815 he 



