BRUCKBR, JAM E& 



BRUMOY, PIERRE. 



year* at hi* life were mot in comparative seclusion fa cutle at 

 Cardros*, oo the northern shore of to* Frith of Clyde. H i* Mid to 

 have xnUmpUtxl the approach of death with oalmnee* and reaina- 

 tion, and oo* without deep expression* of ntunUaee for the tint he 

 had committed, a* well ae toirow for the blood which h bad spilt 

 He dird on the 7th of Jane 1329, in the fifty-fifth year of hi. ago 

 and twenty-third year of hit reign. Hii heart wu extracted and 

 embalmed with a view to iu being carried, according to hi* requeet, 

 to the Holy Land ; and his remain* were interred in the abbey eburcfa 

 of Dunfenulioe. 



BRUCKER, JAMES, a Uboriotu acholar of the lait century, wan 

 born at Angsburg, January 22, 1696. He wat tdncated for the 

 church at the university of Jena, where he took the degree of MA. ill 

 In 1723 he wai appointed parUU minuter of Kaufbevern, 

 where be gradually acquired a reputation fur learning, which led to 

 hu being elected, in 1731, a member of the Academy of Science* at 

 Berlin, and aeon after, to hi* being appointed Mnior minuter of the 

 church of St. Ulric, at Augsburg, where he spent the lent of hia life, 

 and died in 1770. 



At an early age he applied himself to the study of philosophy, and 

 bis first work, 'Tentamen Introductions in Hiatoriam Doctrinal da 

 Idets,' was published iu 1719; it was afterwards enlarged and re- 

 published in 1723, under the title 'Hist Philos. Doctr. de Id.' In 

 1731-56 be published a history of philosophy in seven volumes 12mo., 

 from the creation to the birth of Christ, in the form of question and 

 answer, which contains tome details of library history not to be 

 found in bis Urgi-r work. This, which was entitled 'A Critical 

 History of Philoaopby from the infancy of the world down to our 

 own age,' was printed in 1741-44, in five volumes 4to., and met with 

 considerable success ; in 1767 a second edition appeared, with a sixth 

 volume, consisting of supplement and correction*. Of his other 

 works the chief are ' 1'inucotheca Scriptorum nostra tetate literis 

 illiutrium,' 2 vols. fol. 1741-55; 'Lives of German Scholars in the 

 15tb, 10th, and 17th centuries,' in German, 4to., 1747-49 ; Mucellauia 

 Historno Philotoph. Lit* rar. Crit, olim sparsim cdita nunc uno face 

 collecta,' 8va, 1748. He undertook to superintend a new edition of 

 Luther's translation of the Bible, but he died before completing the 

 work, which was finished by Teller. 



Brucker is now remembered by his ' Critical History of Philosophy.' 

 The title is ill ehoen, for a discriminating and correct judgment is the 

 very point in which be is tuo.-t defective. He was very laborious, 

 and has amatsrd a vast quantity of materials ; but he wanted the 

 power of arranging them and sifting the important frum the trivial ; 

 consequently bis work is wearisome in the extreme, from minuteness 

 of unnecessary detail, as well as dryneea of style. He teems to have 

 the MUIIC sort of notion of his subject as a fly might have of the dome 

 of St. Paul's, after crawling ovtr it bit by bit; he appears not to 

 poasia* clear views of it as a whole, or of the connection of the 

 several parts. His book however is remarkable and useful, if it were 

 only as an attempt to grapple with to enormous a subject ; 1'or he gives 

 an account of every school from the Hebrew, Chaldaic, Egyptian, 

 Phoenician, Ac., descending through those of Greece ad Home to 

 the sects of Christian and Judaic philosophers, the schoolmen and 

 their successors after the revival of learning, the Saracens, and the 

 nations of modern Asia, Indians, Chinese, and Japanese; and he 

 finishes in North America with the Huron*. As a book of reference, 

 therefore, it is very valuable. But as the author is charged with 

 frequent error, timing partly from inaccurate scholarship, partly from 

 too much readiness to take his opinion* at second-hand, it will be 

 prudent for those who are careful inquirers, to corroborate Brticker's 

 statement* by at least occasional references to the original authorities. 



BRUB'IS, ADMIRAL, wu a lieutenant in the French navy before 

 the revolution, snd afterwards became a rear-admiral in the service of the 

 republic. He had the command of the Toulon fleet which mile t in 

 Jane 1798, for Egypt, with General Bonaparte and bis army on 

 board. After landing the troops, Admiral Brueis anchored bis fleet 

 in Aboukir Roads close to the shore, thinking himself safe from attack. 

 Nelson, with the English fit it, came in night of the French fleet on 

 the 1st of August, and immediately prepared for battle. Some of 

 the English ships steered between the French and the shore, and thus 

 the French found themselves between two fires. [NELSOK.] Aft. r a 

 dreadful fight, most of the French ships, leing disabled, surrendered. 

 Admiral liiueis, who wss on board the Orient, of 120 guns, defending 

 himeelT against two English aUps, was killed by a cannon-shot, just 

 before the Orient was discovered to be on fire. Soon after the Orient 

 blew up with most of the people on board. 



BRUGES, ROGER VAN, an old Flemish painter, and a pupil of 

 John Van Eyck, is called by Vaari, Kuggicri da Bruggia, but is not 

 the same person as Roger Van der Weyde, as some have supposed. 

 Tan Maud, r notice* both as distinct (ersons; the subject 

 article, be calls Rogier van Uringe, and speaks of him a* an excellent 

 diMfhtaman and good painter, but he does not give any personal 

 Information concerning him : the years of hi* birth snd death are both 

 unknown, but several work* are attributed to him, bearing various 

 datee between 1 44 S and 1461 He is mentioned several time* by 

 BartWomaru* Faoius, De Viria Illuatribus,' Florence, 1745; and 

 RathgeUr, 'Annals of Painting, *a, in the Netherlands,' p. 106, 

 - twenty nine work* attributed to him. He is styled by 



Facias, Rogerius Gallicus Joannis Diacipulus, and he is probably the 

 aame penoa a* MagisU r Kogel of Flanders, by whom there are three 

 pictures, in one, tainted in 1446, in the sacristy of the Carthusian church 

 at Mlradores, mar Burgos in Spain, the donation of Don Juan II. 



Roger painted in water-colour*, with white of egg or with sice, and 

 in oil, whieli latt method he had learned of Van Eyck. Ho painted 

 also oo canvas*, a rare practice in that early period : Van Mauder 

 pee It* of Roger'* painting* on oanvats, of which he had seen many 

 in churches, and in private houses, where they were adopted a* 

 ubstitutes for the ordinary hanging* of drapery. 



There are at Munich three admirable old pictures in the Pinakotbek 

 (Cabinet hi. No*. 35, 36, 37), assigned in tl.e catalogue to John Van 

 Eyek, which have bi en attributed to Roger Van Bruges ; they are 

 three of the best and moat interesting in the collection : they are 

 included in the twenty-nine pictures enumerated by Ratbgeber. 



(Van Mander, lift Ltven Jer Sekildert, Ac. ; Rathgeber, Annulrn drr 

 NitdtrUxducMn Matcni, Fornudkneuie- uitd A'npfenlcclkertunil.) 



HRUHU HENIIY, ( i H'XT V. .X, was born in August 1700. His 

 father wu councillor of the prince of Saxe Weiasenfela. Henry entered 

 u page into the service of Augustus II., elector of Saxony and I. 

 1'oland, and eventually became his chamberlain. After the death of 

 A ugiutus iu 1 733, Bruhl, who had charge of the crown jewels at Wareaw, 

 at off with them for Dresden, where he delivered them to tho new 

 Elector A ugustus III., and assisted him, by his manoeuvres, in ascending 

 the throne of Poland. From that time he became tho king's favourite, 

 and having obtained the dismissal of his rival, Count Sulkowski, bu 

 remained sole ruler of the weak mo:, arch, whom he kept in a state of 

 complete tutelage. Bruhl lived in great splendour : his establishment 

 wu larger than the king's, and he kept above 200 servants. "Of all 

 men of this age," says Frederic 1 1. of 1'ms-ia, " he had most watcher, 

 dresses, laoe, toots, thoes, and slippers." The king was indolent to 

 excess, and Bruhl, who took good care not to disturb his apathy, and 

 always to supply him with money, was obliged to borrow to such a 

 degree, that the treasury became bankrupt at last. Bruhl involved 

 Saxony in a war against Frederic II., who made the whole Saxon 

 army prisoners in the camp of Pirna, and took Dresden, while the 

 king and Bruhl escaped into Poland. After the peace they returned 

 to Dresden, where Augustus soon after died. Bruhl was disliked by 

 both Pole* and Saxons, and the new elector dismissed him from hia 

 otliciB. He died in October, 1764. He had amassed great wealth, 

 which he left to bis children ; his fine library of 20,000 volumes was 

 purchased by the elector for 50,000 crowns. His sou Frederic Louis 

 wrote several German plays, which were published at Dresden iu 

 1785-90, in 5 vols. 8vo. 



BRULLIOT, FRANZ, author of the ' Dictionary of Monograms,' 

 kc., was born at DiisxtMorf in 17(0, and was the ton of Joseph 

 In: Hint, a native of Mannheim, and inspector of the celebrated 

 Gallery of Dugseldorf, which wu removed in 180S to Munich. 

 Joseph and his sou Franz, who had adopted engraving u his pro- 

 fession, removed thither at the same time, and in Is OS Krauz Bruiliot 

 wu appointed assistant keeper of the king's prints. From this tin:.- 

 he gave up the practice of engraving, and devoted himself entirely to 

 the study of prints and the history of engraving, and in 1817 he pub- 

 lished at Munich, in 4 to, a dictionary of the monograms, &c., of 

 ( Dictionnaire des Monogrammes, Chiffres, Leitres Initiates, Ai 

 which, in Ibiio, he commenced the publication, in the same form, of a 

 supplementary work, entitled, 'Table Ge'ne'rale des Monogr.. 

 Cuitfres,' &c., but which wu never completed, liis great work did 

 not appear till alter au interval of twelve years from that daU>, iln> 

 whole of which time wu exclusively devoted to it He visit' 

 princpal collections of France, Germany, and Holland to the samo 

 end, and his occupations u keeper of the print* of the King of Bavaria, 

 to which post be had been appointed, gave him f oculiar lacili' 

 hi* labour. The complete work wu published in Munich, in 3 vols. 

 imp. 8vo, in 1832-34, under tiie title ' Dictionnaire del Monogrammes, 

 Marques Figurces, Lettres Initiates, Noms Abregls, &<x, aveo IrsqueU 

 Its I'eiutres, Deasiuateurs, Giaveurs, et Sculpteurs ont d<**ign< 

 Noms.' It U a work of immense labour, is wry accurate, and is 

 incomparably the most complete work of its kind. In vol. i, contain- 

 ing the monogram*, there are 8292 articles ; in vol. ii., containing the 

 initial letters, there are 2936 urticlts ; acd in vol. iii , containing the 

 abbreviations and appendices to the three part*, then are 1818 art 

 and the work contains also foe-simile*, cut in wood, of all the marks, 

 letters, Ac., treated of, amounting to many thousands. Bruiliot did 

 not long survive the publication of his work ; he di< d of cholera iu 

 1836, at Munich. He wu au honorary member of the Academies of 

 the Arts of Munich and nf Vienna. 



I .III 'MOV, 1'lK.KltK, was born at Rouen in 1688, nd entered the 

 society of the JusuiU in 17<>4. He wu subsequently intrusted witli 

 the education of the Prince of Talmont, and became a contributor to 

 the 'Journal of Tievmix.' He first introduced himself to the pul.lic 

 by ' Thoughts on the Decline of Latin Poetry,' und afterwards edited 

 'The History of Tann rlaue,' written by Margat, a brother Jesuit, and 

 printed at Paris iu 1739, 2 vola. 12mo. Shortly after his xuperiors 

 confided to him the continuation of ' The History of the Anglican 

 Church,' of which work he had already published eleven vlun,> 

 was completing the twelfth, when he died at Pariij on the 16Ui "f 

 April 1702, in the fifty-fourth year of his age. 



