897 



BUCKLAND, THE VERY REV. WILLIAM. 



BUDfi, GUILLAUME. 



993 



up the Red Sea for surveying purposes. He accordingly sailed from 

 Bombay June 27, 1815, was landed at Suez, and reached Cairo 

 November 20, in the same year. After another interview with the 

 Pasha he received a firman and other assistance, by the aid of which 

 he travelled overland to India through Syria, Mesopotamia, and Persia, 

 dressed in Turkish costume, and speaking Arabic, which, he states, 

 is more or less understood in all those countries. 



From this period hia proceedings in the East are imperfectly known. 

 In 1816 he was in Calcutta, and established a journal there, but the 

 boldness of his censures of the mal-administration of Indian affairs led 

 to his expulsion from the presidency of Bengal ; his printing-presses 

 were seized, and he was compelled to return to England. 



After his arrival in London, Mr. Buckingham delivered many lectures 

 against the monopoly of the East India Company, and in support of 

 opening the trade to China. A liberal subscription was entered into 

 to re-imburse him for the losses he had sustained by the suppression 

 of his journal. He established in London ' The Oriental Herald,' which 

 became the precursor of several similar journals, and 'The Athenaeum,' 

 which is now the leading literary journal among those which are pub- 

 lished weekly. In 1822 he published his 'Travels in Palestine;' in 

 1825 ' Travels in Arabia ;' in 1827 ' Travels in Mesopotamia ;' in 1830 

 ' Travels in Assyria and Media.' At a later period he made several 

 tours through various parts of Europe and of North America, He 

 published 2 vols. on Belgium, the Rhine, and Switzerland ; and 2 vols. 

 on France, Piedmont, and Switzerland. He was nearly three years in 

 America, and traversed the United States in all directions, from Maine 

 to Louisiana. His ' Travels' in America comprise : 8 vols. on the 

 Northern States ; 3 vols. on the Slave States ; 3 vols. on the Eastern 

 and Western States ; and 1 vol. on Canada, Nova Scotia, and New 

 Brunswick. Much of these volumes however consists of statistics, 

 and a great variety of other matters of compilation. Their literary or 

 othfT worth is very small. 



In 1832 Mr. Buckingham was elected member of parliament for 

 Sheffield, and he retained his seat till 1837. He was a supporter of 

 liberal policy, and especially of social reforms. For many years his 

 chief occupation vas the delivery of public lectures in various parts of 

 the country. His choice of subjects, style, and especially his manner, 

 were popular and pleasing, and his lectures were always fully attended. 

 In 1 843 he was the chief agent in establishing a literary club called the 

 British and Foreign Institute, of which he was appointed secretary, 

 but which ceased to exist in about three years. In 1849 he published 

 ' National Evils and Practical Remedies,' 1 vol., in which he expounded 

 his views on many subjects connected with the public welfare. He 

 was a zealous advocate of the temperance movement, and he was 

 President of the London Temperance League formed in 1851. In 

 1855 he published the first two volumes of his 'Autobiography,' and 

 he intended to publish the next two volumes in the course of the 

 lame year, but he closed his life of extraordinary vicissitude and 

 adventure on June 30, 1855. The court of directors of the East India 

 Company had made amends for their former ill-treatment by granting 

 him a pension, which he enjoyed for a few of the last years of his 

 life, and which is continued, we believe, to his widow, who is still 

 living, having been his wife for fifty years. He had also for a few 

 years a pension of 2001. a year from the civil list. The manuscript 

 journals of his various travels occupy, as he states in his ' Auto- 

 biography,' 28 folio volumes, closely written. 



* BUCKLAND, THE VERY REV. WILLIAM, Dean of Westmin- 

 ster, an eminent geologist, was born at Axminster, Devon, in 1784. He 

 was educated at St. Mary's College, Winchester, and from thence, in 

 1801, entered Corpus Christi College, Oxford, as scholar. In 1808 he 

 was elected Fellow of this college. In 1813 he was appointed reader 

 in mineralogy, and in 1818 reader in geology in Oxford University. 

 His geological lectures were characterised by such clearness and com- 

 prehensiveness of description, and such apt illustration, that they met 

 with brilliant success. Geology, as a science, was then in its infancy, 

 and much of its subsequent vigorous advancement is due to Dr. 

 Buckland's lectures. 



The Geological Museum at Oxford owes its chief excellence to 

 Dr. Buckland's industry in procuring and arranging specimens, par- 

 ticularly of the remains of the larger fossil Mammalia, and other 

 animals from the caves in different parts of England and Germany. 

 He spared neither pains nor expense in travelling to make the col- 

 lection worthy of the university and the science it was intended to 

 illustrate, as exemplified in his ' Descriptive Notes,' with sections of 

 50 miles of the Irish coast, made conjointly with the Rev. W. Cony- 

 beare, d an of Llandaff, during a tour in Ireland in 1813, and pub- 

 lished in the third volume of the ' Transactions of the Geological 

 Society.' 



In 1818 Dr. Buckland was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. 

 In 1820 he delivered a lecture before the university, which was after- 

 wards published under the title ' Vindiciae Geologicse, or the Connexion 

 of Geology with Religion explained.' The object of the lecture was 

 to show that the study of geology has a tendency to confirm the 

 evidences of natural religion, and that the facts developed by it are 

 connistent with the accounts of the Creation and Deluge as recorded 

 in the Mosaic writings. 



In 1822 he communicated to the Royal Society an "Account of an 

 assemblage of fossil teeth and bones of elephant, rhinoceros, hippo- 



potamus, bear, tiger, hyaena, and sixteen other animals, discovered in 

 a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire," and for which in the same year the 

 society awarded him their highest honour, the Copley medal. This 

 paper was made the foundation of a treatise published in 1823, 

 'Reliquiae Diluvianae, or Observations on Organic Remains attesting 

 the Action of an Universal Deluge,' which proved of essential service 

 in the promotion of geological science. 



In 1825 Dr. Buckland was made canon of Christ Church, Oxford. 

 He was president of the British Association at their second meeting 

 at Oxford in 1832. Four years later he published his Bridge- 

 water Treatise, 'Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference 

 to Natural Theology,' 2 vols. 8vo. The discovery of new facts had 

 materially advanced geological science ; and modifying in this work 

 the previous diluvial theory, Dr. Buckland brought the weight of his 

 authority to support the views now generally received. One of the 

 most able of his numerous geological writings, as subsequently testi- 

 fied by Murchidon and Sedgwick, was a sketch of the structure of the 

 Alps, published in the 'Annals of Philosophy,' in which he showed, 

 for the first time, that many crystalline rocks of this chain are of no 

 higher antiquity than our Lias, Oolitic, and Cretaceous formations. 



The 'Transactions of the Geological Society' contain highly valuable 

 suggestive evidence of Dr. Buckland's skill as a field geologist, as well 

 as a palaeontologist, and among them, his description of the south- 

 western coal district of England (1825) may be mentioned as an 

 example. It has stood the test of more than thirty years, and is 

 still appealed to as a standard work. 



Dr. Buckland was chosen on the council of the Royal Society in 

 1827, and in subsequent years up to 1849. He was one of the earliest 

 fellows of the Geological Society, having been elected in 1813, and has 

 twice filled the presidential chair. His anniversary addresses are 

 printed in the society's 'Journal.' He is also a Fellow of the Linnsean 

 Society. In 1845 he was made Dean of Westminster; and, coming to 

 reside in London, he was appointed a Trustee of the British Museum 

 in 1847, and took an active part in the meetings of scientific societies, 

 and in the establishment of the Museum of Practical Geology in 

 Jermyn-street. Since the year 1850 he has b/en obliged to relinquish 

 his favourite pursuits, but hopes are entertained that he may be able 

 once more to resume them. 



BUDE, GUILLAUME, or, as he is better known by the Latinised 

 name, Budaeus, was born in Paris in 1467 of an ancient and honourable 

 family. His early education appears to have been neglected, and when 

 he went to Orleans to study the civil law he profited little, owing to 

 his very imperfect knowledge of Latin. Indolence and a love of 

 amusement consumed much of the remainder of hia youth, till he was 

 suddenly inspired with so ardent a love of letters that he even regretted 

 the hours necessarily given to repose and refreshment, and applied to 

 learning with an assiduity which threatened injury to his health. Yet 

 although, to use bis own words, he was self-taught and late-taught, he 

 attained an eminence in learning which placed him above most of his 

 contemporaries. 



Bmlaeus was well known by name both to Charles VIII. and to 

 Louis XII.; yet, notwithstanding he was twice employed by the latter 

 king in Italian embassies, and even inscribed on his list of royal 

 secretaries, he did not appear at court till the reign of Francis I., 

 during the interview with Henry VIII. at Ardrea. The king then 

 appointed him his librarian and maitre-des roquetes, and the citizens 

 of Paris named him provost of the merchants offices which he com- 

 plained were great interruptions to his pursuit of letters. In 1540, 

 while accompanying the court on a summer visit to the coast of 

 Normandy, in order to avoid the excessive heat, he contracted a fever 

 which rapidly carried him off. He left injunctions that his interment 

 should take place by night. This request, and an avowal of Protest- 

 antism made at Geneva soon after his decease by his widow and sor^e 

 part of his family (he left seven sons and four daughters), have thrown 

 doubt on his orthodoxy, and he has been abused by the Romanists 

 accordingly. The rumour derives strength from his intimate corre- 

 spondence with Erasmus, whom he rivalled in anti-Ciceronianism, aud 

 in his hatred of monks and illi terate ecclesiastics. In one of his letters 

 he shows a supreme contempt for the divines of the Sorbonne, and 

 calls the members of it prating sophists, and, with the deviation of a 

 single letter (a licence not to be denied to a pun), " divines of the 

 Sorbonian (Serbonian) bog." 



Budaeus was less skilled in Latin than in Greek, and his epistolary 

 style in the former language is tinged with harshness, and strongly 

 contrasts with the pure and elegant tone of Erasmus. His works, of 

 which an accurate list is given by Baillet in his ' Jugemens des Sjavans,' 

 were collected at Basel in 1557 in four folio volumes, an edition which 

 has become extremely scarce. All his writings abound in learning ; 

 but the tract best known to modern readers is entitled ' De Asse et 

 Partibus ejus,' in the preface to which he complains that on his wedding- 

 day he was not allowed more than six hours for study. A second story, 

 which has been attributed to other great scholars also, rests on not 

 quite so good authority. " An alarm of fire having been one day given 

 while he was at work in his'study, he asked the terrified servant with 

 great calmness why she did not inform her mistress. ' You know,' 

 he added, ' I never concern myself about household matters.' " His 

 ' Commentaries on the Greek Tongue ' are still deservedly held in high 

 repute. They elucidate many terms employed by the orators, the 



