BULARCHt'S. 



BOTXJARIN, THADDEUS. 



only chief whoa* prowess and authority were really to be feared, to 

 direct bis whole strength against the disunited trib*, and reduce 

 limn snoeswively to submisoion. Bugeaud returned to Paris to giro 

 an account of his mission It toon appeared that Bugeaud knew 

 bettor how to dU with the Araba than the officer* previously teat; 

 and in 1840, affairs appearing very unpromising, Manhal Vailed WM 

 recalled, and Buffeaud was appointed governor general of the French 

 poseeasiona in Africa, We have already given an outline of hi* pro- 

 OMdiog* [ALOkRit, hi Qioa Div. ; and ARD-ST-KADKR, ante, ooL 13], 

 and it will be enough here to obnrre, that the maxim lie waa fond of 

 repeating waa that "to conquer the Arab you muat fint become an 

 Arab," and that in accordance with thia he let about organising the 

 Zouaves and other irregular aoldiers, characterised by their capacity 

 for acting independently aa wall aa in masses, their celerity of motion, 

 and their daring, and who have aince become ao important a part of 

 the French army ; and having eatabliahed a chain of fortified posts, he 

 waa enabled to maintain inceeaant attacka and surprises, never per- 

 mitting any body of armed natives to collect without immediately 

 dispersing them, and never allowing any hostile tribes to carry on any 

 of their ordinary agricultural avocations. From his energy and ruth- 

 leaaaeat, there waa no escape for the uncivilised natives. Attacked in 

 detail, resistance waa useless ; there was only the choice of submission 

 or destruction. In three yean Bugeaud was able to announce that 

 there waa no longer an enemy in the field. Abd-el-Kader was a 

 fugitive, and Algiers was formally annexed to the French crown. The 

 Emp'Tor of Mnrocoo had ventured to oppose the progress of the 

 French arms ; but his coast-towns were ravaged, and at laly Bugeaud 

 with a far inferior force had destroyed his army. For this last 

 achievement Louis Philippe created Bugeaud Duo d'Isly ; the Arabs 

 gave him the more poetic title of Conqueror of Fortune. He returned 

 to France in 1846 ; but in his absence Abd-el-Kader again collected an 

 army, and the whole country waa speedily in revolt. Bugeaud was 

 sent back, and with an iron hand quickly and effectually crushed the 

 Arab rising. 



At the outbreak of the revolution of February 1848 Bugeaud was in 

 Paris, and on the night of the 23rd the command of the troops was 

 given to him. He would have adopted energetic measures, but the 

 king shrank from shedding blood, and the military command was 

 placed in other hands. Bugeaud was not again employed till Louis 

 Napoleon became president, when he was named to the command in 

 chief of the army of the Alps. He was also elected by Charente- 

 Infrrieure representative in the National Assembly. But he enjoyed 

 neither dignity long; he died of cholera, on the 10th of Juno 1849. 

 Bugeaud published memoirs on infantry manoeuvres, on army organi- 

 sation, on the eatabliahmi nt of military colonies, and on various 

 matter* connected with the governance of Algiers. 



(Valerie da Contemporaim ; Nouvrlle Kiographie Univcrielle ; 

 Besancenez, Biographic complete de M. le Marlchal Jiuyeaud ; <tc.) 



BULARCHUS, of Lydia, in Asia Minor, has the distinction of being 

 the earliest painter on record. He was a distinguished painter at least 

 as early as 720 yean before Christ. Pliny (' Hist Nat,' mv. 34) 

 tells the following story about him: He painted a battle of the 

 Magnetea, for which Candaules, king of Lydia, about 716 B.C., gave 

 him as much gold coin as would cover the picture. Pliny in another 

 part of bis work (vii. 39) speaks of this picture as representing the 

 destruction of Magnesia; and the late K. 0. Miiller has, in hi 

 ' Archaeology of Art,' on this account rejected the tradition, because 

 the only known destruction of Magnesia took place, according to 

 Archiloobua, about forty yean after the death of Candaules, through 

 Ardya, the successor of Oyges. Pliny however in the first instance 

 mentioned, where he treats more particularly of art, calls it a Battle 

 of the Magnetea (" in qua ent Magnetum proclium "). This may 

 appear a singular and incredible incident : but the early existence of 

 painting in Asia Minor is not an isolated fact. There is much 

 evidence in ancient writers to show that painting was comparatively 

 an old art in Asia Minor and among the Ionian Greeks, while at the 

 same period in Greece itself there is scarcely any evidence of its 

 existence. Welcker ('Archiv. fur Philol.,' 1830) agrees with Miiller 

 in rejecting the entire story as fictitious. 



BULOARIN, THADDEUS, a novelist and essayist of considerable 

 note in Russian literature, is by birth a Pole, and remarkable for 

 the irregularity of his career. " For almost a quarter of a century," 

 he says in the preface to bis ' Reminiscences ' published in 1846, "I 

 have now lived, as it were, in public, conversing with the public day 

 by day on whatever of interest occurred ; but for ten years of my 

 previous life I was almost literally never out of the saddle : I lived in 

 battles and the smoke of bivouacs, traversing all Europe with arms in 

 hand from Torueo to Lisbon, passing day and night under the open 

 sky in thirty degrees of cold or heat" Bulgarin was born in 1789 in 

 the government of Min.k in Lithuania. His father was an officer 

 under Koseiuscko in his last unsuccessful struggle for the indepen- 

 dence of Poland, and one of the earliest recollections of the son was 

 that of bearing the cannon thunder at a distance on the morning of a 

 day in 1786, and of accompanying bis mother in the evening to take 

 refuge in the woods from the approach of the victorious Russians who 

 Ud defeated the Poles in the last action of the war. A few yean 

 laur his friend* procured him admission into the Institution of Mili- 

 tary Cadets at 8t Petersburg a* a pupil, and be was there at the time 



of the death of the Rmperor Paul, when he describes the astonishment 

 of the scholars at being drummed out of their beds one morning before 

 the usual hour to take the oath of allegiance to the new emperor 

 Alexander, whom the governor of the institution, Count Zubov, had 

 had a very material share in assisting to th" throne the night before. 

 Bulgarin entered the Russian army in the Uhlan regiment commanded 

 by the Grand Duke Constantine, and was at the battles of Aunterlitx 

 and Friedland, in the latter of which he distinguished liinm. If by his 

 bravery, and received a serious wound. After taking part in the 

 campaign of Finland, which tore that province from Sweden, some 

 unpleasantness with the officers in the regiment induced him to solicit 

 his dismissal from the Russian service, and he entered that of France, 

 a power then in alliance with Kus-ia, and became an officer of the 

 Polish Ie::ion. He afterwards published ' Reminiscences of the War 

 in Spain,' to which country the Polish legion had the misfortune to be 

 sent, and in which Bulgarin had more than his share of wild adventure. 

 When the war broke out between France and Russia, he marched 

 against the country where he had received his education, and it was 

 mill in after-life by his literary opponents, when be published at St. 

 Petersburg a popular novel on the war of 1812 and the conflagration 

 of Moscow, that the fint occasion of his entering Moscow was when 

 he entered it with the grand army of Napoleon. This his friends 

 denied, and asserted that up to that moment (in 1840) be had never 

 entered Moscow at all It was beyond dispute however that he bad 

 been an officer in the invading army, and had borne a part in the 

 horrors of the memorable retreat In the next year (1813) he was in 

 command of an outpost of the French army on the night before the 

 battle of Bautzen, when Napoleon rode up, accompauit d by Ney and 

 Rerthier, and a conversation took place, of which Bulgarin has pub- 

 lished a spirited nsrrative. " You Poles," said the emperor, among 

 other things, "speak almost the same language as the Russians." 

 " Exactly so, your Majesty ; we can easily understand each other as a 

 Swede understands a Done, or a German a Hollander." " By the bye, 

 can you speak German I " asked Napoleon. " 1 can, your Majesty." 

 " Then get on your horse, and bring me a peasant from the village in 

 front of us ; I will command the outpost while you are away." The 

 peasant was brought, cross-questioned on the depth of n neighbouring 

 stream, and was then so liberally rewarded that for the first time it 

 flashed upon him that his questioner must be the emperor. 



Bulgarin steadily adhered to the fortunes of Napoleon till his fall in 

 1314, when he returned to Poland, and was presented at Warsaw to 

 his old commander the Grand-Duke Constantine, who not only accorded 

 him a gracious reception, but invited him to re-enter the Russian army. 

 Bulgarin however was then anxious to settle on his property in Poland, 

 and devote himself to the support of his aged mother. The Polish 

 language, which he had almost forgotten when in the Russian service, 

 hod become familiar to him in Spain when serving in the Polish legion, 

 and he wrote various articles with some success in the Warsaw periodi- 

 cals. In 1819 a family lawsuit took him to St Petersburg, and falling 

 into the society of some Russian literary men, among others of Grech, 

 the author of the best Russian grammar and the best history of Russian 

 literature, he took up the idea of writing in Russian. With this view 

 he studied the language anew with the assistance of Grech a very 

 necessary labour, as the style of Karamzin had given a new direction 

 to it so strongly marked, that it has been said that every Russian of 

 fifty years of ace now speaks a different language from that he spoke 

 in his childhood. As an essayist Kulgarin became a favourite, and his 

 pen was soon in incessant activity. In 1822 he became editor of a 

 periodical called the ' Northern Archives (' Syevernuy Arkhiv '), which 

 was afterwards merged in 1825 in the 'Son of the Country' (' Suin 

 Ob'chestva'), edited by himself and Orech, which was for several yean 

 the leading literary periodical of Russia. He also established the 

 leading newspaper, the 'Northern Bee' (' Syevernaya Pchela'), which 

 the readers of English journal* are in the habit of seeing quoted as 

 the ' Abcille du Nord.' A dramatic annual, the* ' Russian Thalia ' 

 (' Ruskaya Taliya '), wai less successful, but bod the honour of first 

 introducing- to the public the masterpiece of Russian comedy, the 

 ' Gore ot Uma," of Bulgarin's intimate friend Griboyedov, the Russian 

 ambassador to Persia, who was a few years after torn to pieces by the 

 populace of Teheran. By the sharp tone of his criticism Bulgarin 

 drew round him a host of enemies, but his novel of ' Ivan Vuizhegin,' 

 sometimes styled the 'Russian Gil Bios,' which appeared in 1829, had 

 a brilliant success, and raised bis popularity to the highest point it has 

 ever attained. An excellent translation of this novel in English was 

 printed at Aberdeen in 1831. Its reputation has now materially 

 declined in Russia, where it is alleged that Bulgarin is only capable of 

 describing well what has actually passed under his eyes, and that many 

 of his delineations of Russian life, of which he only knows what can 

 be seen at St. Petersburg, are altogether unfaithful. He afterwards 

 wrote a continuation of 'Ivan Vuizhegin ' under the title of 'Peter 

 Ivanovich Vuizhegin,' in which he described in a style of fervent 

 Russian patriotism the war of 1812. There are also two historical 

 novels from his pen on the story of the 'False Demetrius' and 

 ' Maieppa,' but they met with only partial success. In a collection of 

 bis works in reven double-columned octavo volumes, which was com- 

 menced at St. Petersburg in 1889, his novels occupy four of the 

 volumes, and his miscellaneous works, which are chiefly essays, the 

 remainder. A selection from these would comprise much that would 



