1006 



BULL, GEORGE. 



BULLER, CHARLES, RT. HON. 



1008 



be interesting to the English reader, from the matter as well as the 

 manner. At the time this collection was issued Bulgarin was said to 

 be living in the enjoyment of an easy fortune gained by his writings 

 at a villa near Dorpat. He afterwards published ' Russia in an Histo- 

 rical, Statistical, Geographical, and Literary point of view," a compilation 

 of considerable value, which has been translated into German by Von 

 Bracket. His last, and in many respects his most interesting work, is 

 his ' Vospominaniya,' (' Remiuiscences or Fragments of what I have 

 Seen, Heard, and Experienced in Life,') of which six volumes have 

 appeared. He is a lively and pleasing narrator, but it is necessary to 

 guard against his Russian prepossessions, which are now perhaps all 

 the more strongly marked to compensate for his once having borne 

 arms against the country. His statistical work is dedicated " To the 

 great Russian family, the children of one father, the Russian Emperor." 

 Oue of his essays, 'A Visit to Cronstadt in 1826,' contains this passage : 

 " The German vessels stop before the gates, and are towe>l into the 

 harbour ; the English and Americans come sailing straight iu, and are 

 not afraid of bumping against the corner at the sharp turn. If we are 

 to draw conclusions as to the character of nations from this, what are 

 we to say of the Russian peasants, who in their fishing-vessels go out 

 on the chase to Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen, where the very English 

 send their strongest vessels of a peculiar construction. Oh, mother 

 Russia ! if God is for us, who shall be against us ? " 



BULL, GEORGE, was boru in the city of Wells, on the 25th of 

 March 1634 : he received the first part of his education at the grammar- 

 school of Wells, from which he was removed to the free school of 

 Tiverton, in Devonshire, then superintended by Mr. Samuel Butler, 

 who it reported to have had an excellent method of teaching. At 

 fourteen he was admitted a commoner of Exeter College, Oxford ; but, 

 in the following year, on refusal to swear to the engagement, " That 

 he would be true and faithful to the Commonwealth of England, as it 

 was then established without a King, or House of Lords," he retired, 

 with his tutor, Mr. Ackland, and several others, to North Cadbury, in 

 Somersetshire, where he prosecuted his studies until his nineteenth 

 year. By persuasion of his friends be then went to reside with Mr. 

 William Thomas, a Presbyterian divine, from whom he derived little 

 or no assistance in the study of divinity. This residence however 

 brought him into intimate acquaintance with Mr. Thomas's son, who 

 directed his reading, and supplied him with the writings of Hooker, 

 Hammond, Taylor, &c. Mr. Bull was irregularly ordained, at the age 

 of twenty-one, by Dr. Skinner, ejected bishop of Oxford, at a time 

 when it was " criminal for a bishop to coufer holy orders." His profes- 

 sional duties commenced in the parish of St. George, near Bristol. In 

 1658 he obtained the living of Suddington St. Mary near Bristol, 

 where he became privy to an unsuccessful scheme of a general insur- 

 rection in favour of the exiled family, his house being one of the 

 points of meeting. After the Restoration he was presented by Lord 

 Chancellor Clarendon to the vicarage of SudJington St. Peter. These 

 preferments he retained until 1685, having distinguished himself by 

 hia zeal, judgment, and charity, on all occasions. In 1669 he published, 

 in Latin, his 'Harmonia Apostolica.' The object of this book, which 

 consists of two parts, or dissertations, was to explain and defend, first, 

 the doctrine of St. James, and, in the second, to demonstrate the 

 agreement with him of St. Paul ; it being more particularly his aim, in 

 the first dissertation, to show, " That good works, which proceed from 

 faith, and are conjoined with faith, are a necessaiy condition required 

 from us by God, to the end that by the New Evangelical Covenant, 

 obtained by and sealed in the blood of Christ, the mediator of it, we 

 may be justified according to hia free and unmerited gr.ice." In the 

 second, " having in the first place established this one point for his 

 foundation ' That St. Paul is to be interpreted by St. James, and not 

 St. James by St. Paul,' in consent with many of the auci- nts, (and 

 particularly of St. Augustine himsi-lf,) who are of the opinion that the 

 General Epistle of St. James, the first of St. John, and 'the second of 

 St. Peter, with that of St. Jude, were written against those who, by 

 misinterpreting St. Paul's Epistles, had imbibed a fond notion, as if 

 faith ' without works' were sufficient to save them; he sheweth whence 

 this obscurity and ambiguity in the terms of St. Paul might probably 

 rise, which was the occasion that persons not well-grounded came to 

 mistake or pervert the same.'" Bull proves, that, where St. Paul 

 peaks of justification by faith, he intends the whole condition of the 

 Gospel-covenant ; that the faith required implies obedience ; that it 

 cannot be separated from obedience ; and that obedience is made 

 necessary to justification. The publication raised much dispute among 

 divines. The first open antagonist was Mr. John Truman, a Non-con- 

 formist minister. Dr. Morley, bishop of Winchester, and Dr. Barker, 

 the one from the divinity chair at Oxford, and the other, in a charge 

 to his clergy, forbade the reading of the book, as a rash intrusion into 

 thing< too high for such discussion. Though, for a while, much 

 prejudice was excited against our author, jet, when he published his 

 answer entitled 'Examen Censurse,' and his 'Apologia,' his reputation 

 increased, and the soundness of his view was generally acknowledged. 

 In testimony of his merit in this particular instance, Lord Chancellor 

 Finch presented him to a prebend in the church of Gloucester. In 

 1685 he published his ' Confes^io Fidei Niceuae,' a work directed 

 against the Arians and Socinians, and Sabellians and Tritheiats, by 

 which he gained great celebrity both at home and abroad. In the 

 fame year in which he was preferred iu Gloucester cathedral, 1678, he 



received the rectory of Avening in Gloucestershire ; and iu the next 

 year he was installed archdeacon of Llaudan", on the nomination of 

 Archbishop Sancroft, and about the same time was complimented with 

 the degree of Doctor of Divinity by the University of Oxford, for the 

 service he had rendered the church iu his 'Defensio Fi.lei NicenEe.' 

 In 1694 he published his 'Judicium Ecclesite Catholicae,' in vindication 

 of the Anathema, as in his ' Defensio ' he had vindicated the faith 

 established at the council of Nice, against Episcopius. For this 

 publication the thanks of the whole clergy of France were transmitted 

 to him through Bossuet, bishop of Meaux. His last work, published 

 before his death, was his ' Primitive and Apostolical Tradition, &c.,' 

 in which he proved, against Daniel Zuicker, that the pre-existence and 

 divine nature of our Lord was an apostolical doctrine. 



In 1704 Bull was nominated to the bishopric of St. David's, a pro- 

 motion which he at first declined, alleging his years and infirmities ; 

 but at length he gave a reluctant consent, and was consecrated at 

 Lambeth on the 29th of April 1705. His conduct as a bishop, as well 

 iu the House of Lords as in his diocese, was such as to justify a belief 

 that, had he been earlier advanced to that dignity, he would have 

 been of signal use. Close application to study had impaired his health, 

 imd he expired on the 17th of February 1709, and was buried at 

 Brecknock. After his death his sermons were published by his only 

 surviving son, in compliance with his directions. Perhaps no sermons 

 have more of a primitive character than those of Bishop Bull ; none 

 more clearly discriminate between primitive doctrine and modern 

 error. Several tracts, which it is said cost him much labour, were 

 lost by his own neglect. His' works, with a copious account of his 

 life and writings, were published by Robert Nelson, Esq. His Latin 

 works were collected, during his lifetime, into one volume folio, by 

 Dr. Grabe. 



BULLANT, JEAN, one of the few French architects of the 

 Renaissance period, whose names have acquired historical celebrity, is 

 supposed by Callet to have been born at Ecouen, at which place ho 

 died, October 10, 1598, at the age of seventy-eight; accordingly the 

 year of his birth must have been about 1520. All that is known of 

 his origin is that he was a retainer of the Montinorency family ; that 

 he visited Italy in his early youth, and returned from Rome in 1544. 

 For an adequate opportunity of displaying his professional acquire- 

 ments he had not to wait long, having been employed the following 

 year by the celebrated Constable Anne de Montmorency, to erect, 

 conjointly with Jean Goujon, the Chateau d' Ecouen, in which work he 

 took especial pains to show how diligently he had studied classical 

 antiquity and imbibed its spirit, by parading the ' orders ' in a variety 

 of ways. But the whole pile was a grotesque mixture of the modern 

 Italian orders, applied to what was in all other respects decidedly 

 French in physiognomy, with immense roofs, large and fantastically 

 ornamented lucarues, and other characteristics of that age and country. 

 Even the ogive or French-Gothic style of the period was allowed to 

 show itself externally and very conspicuously in the two windows of 

 the chapel placed in one wing of the entrance-front, while the entrance 

 itself formed a portal or lofty frontispiece, decorated with Doric and 

 Ionic columns, and a third order of termini in half-length figures. 

 The principal altar of the chapel (now removed to that at Chantilly) 

 was entirely in the modern-antique style of the time, and has been 

 considered Bullant's masterpiece ; it was decorated with bassi-rilievi 

 of the Evangelists, Religion, &c. which have been attributed to 

 Bullant, as well as the architectural design. At the time of the 

 Revolution (1789), and subsequently, such very great changes were 

 made, that the present condition of this chateau affords little idea of 

 its original appearance. Of the palace erected by Bullant for Catherine 

 de Mcdicis (originally called L'Hotel de la Heine, and afterwards 

 L'Hotel Soissons), the only relic is the astrological column which 

 stood at one angle of the court, and is now attached to the Halle aux 

 Bl<5s, which occupies the site of what was Catherine's residence. For 

 the same princess he also altered and enlarged the Chateau de 

 Chenonceaux the scene of fetes and revelries more magnificent than 

 decorous. Bullant was employed upon the palace of the Tuileries 

 (begun 1564), of which P. De Lorme had made the designs and con- 

 structed the older part, but it is not exactly known what was Bullant's 

 share in the work. After having enjoyed the favour not only of 

 Catherine, but of Henri II. and Henri III. (under both of whom he 

 held the office of comptroller of the royal buildings), he found another 

 royal patron in Henri IV., for whom he built another portion of 

 the Gallery of the Louvre at the end next the Tuileries. Bullant was 

 the author of two works, viz. 'Regie G<5n<5rale d'Architecture,' 1563 ; 

 and ' Traite> de Ge'ometrie et Horolographie,' 1567; the former of which 

 is regarded as the earliest authority in the language on the subject of 

 the so-called five orders. (Callet, Notice de quelques Arrhitectea 

 franfais du Seizidme Sleule ; Regnard in Nomi. Biog. Universelle.) 



BULLER, CHARLES, RT. HON., was born in August 1806, in the 

 city of Calcutta. His father was in the civil service of the. East India 

 Company, and belonged to a family which possessed great parliamentary 

 influence iu the .south of Cornwall, where they had for a long series of 

 years represented West Looe as a nomination borough. Charles Buller 

 was educated at Harrow School, Middlesex, at the University of Edin- 

 burgh, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of 

 B.A. in 1828. He was returned in 1830 as member of parliament for 

 West Looe, and in the following year became a barrister of Lincoln's 



