'. : 



BL'LLIARD, PIERRE. 



BUNSKN, CHEVAL1KR. 



Inn. He voted for the Parliamentary Reform BUI, which disfranchised 

 W*t Loo*, Mid in 1832 wu returned for the borough of Lukrard to 

 Cornwall, which he continued to represent till bi> death in 1848. 

 Mr. Bailer, throughout the whole of bit parliamentary career, wu 

 distinguished for the liberality of hii principle*, for soundness of 

 meaning founded on an extensive acquaintance with the detail* of 

 hi* subject, and for a liveliness) of imaghution, which rendered hit 

 peechea attractive by sallies of pleaantry and wit. He WM from 

 the first a iteady opponent of the Corn- Law*, advocated triennial par- 

 liaments, wai againit a property-qualification for members of the House 

 of Commons, maintained the neces-ity of national education, and was 

 a supporter of the Poor-Law Amendment Act He early distinguished 

 hiimelf by his speeches) on colonisation, and by the ability with which 

 he advocated improved principle* and practice in colonial government. 

 When the Earl of Durham was sent out in 1838 a* governor-general of 

 Canada, Mr. Buller accompanied him as secretary, and is known to 

 have contributed largely to the Report which was presented to par- 

 liament by the Earl of Durham, and published in 1839. After his 

 return from Canada, Mr. Buller commenced the practice of the law, 

 in appeal* from the colonies and from Hindustan, before the Judicial 

 Committee of the Privy Council In 1841 Lord Melbourne appointed 

 him secretary of the Board of Control ; and Lord John Kusaell, after 

 he became premier in 1846, made him Judge-Advocate-General, with 

 an understanding, it is said (which however was not realised), that he 

 was to act in some way as colonial minuter, though not included in 

 the department In November 1S46 ho was appointed a queen's 

 counsel, and in July 1847 was sworn of the privy council. Upon the 

 re-modelling of the Poor-Law Commission, with a president as head of 

 the board, he was appointed to that' office in Nov. 1847. Mr. Uuller 

 died in London, Nov. 28, 1848. Mr. Buller was a ready extemporaneous 

 speaker, but won accustomed, on important occasions, to write out his 

 speeches in their whole extent He also wrote largely for the periodi- 

 cal press, especially the ' Morning Chronicle ' and ' The Globe,' and 

 for the ' Edinburgh Review ' and ' \Veetminster Review." He also 

 wrote for the ' Colonial Gazette ' a series of papers on ' Responsible 

 Government for Colonies,' afterwards published as a small volume. 



BULLEYN, ANNE. [BOLEYN, ANNS.] 



BULLIARD, PIEHRE, a French botanist, was born at Aubepierre- 

 en-Barrois, about the year 1742, and studied at the college of Langres, 

 where he early displayed a taste for natural history. Having ob- 

 tained a situation in the abbey of Clairvauz, he found time to 

 prosecute hU favourite studies; and though he afterwards removed 

 to Paris, with a view to apply to medicine as a profession, his zeal 

 for natural history induced him to devote himself entirely to this 

 subject Being previously an able draughtsman, he now learnt to 

 engrave, and in 1774 published the 'Flora Parisiensis,' 6 vols. 8vo., 

 the figure* being drawn, engraved, and coloured by himself. In 

 1778 be published ' Aviceptologie Francaise, ou Trait<5 g<5u<5ral de 

 toute* lea ruses dont on peut se servir pour prendre les Oiseauz,' 

 Paris, 1 vol. 12mo., reprinted in 1796. In 1779 he commenced his 

 largest work, entitled ' lierbirr de la France,' the first division of 

 which, comprising ' L'Histoire dcs Plantes vdne'ueuscs et euspectes 

 de la France,' while in the course of publication in the form of 

 numbers, was seized by the police, under the pretext that it was 

 a dangerous work ; and it was not until after the lapse of seven 

 months that the author was able to recover a portion of his property. 

 This Tolume is therefore extremely rare, and its very existence is 

 to many unknown, owing to the second division, or ' L'Histoire des 

 Champignons,' bearing on tlie title |>ago the words ' Tome premier,' 

 though it did not appear till 1790. The remaining six volumes 

 contain only plates, principally of fungi, of which one livraison 

 appeared annually, each containing 48 coloured plates. 



Thi* work was discontinued, owing to the death of the author in 

 1793. The letter-press in the first two volumes is not now of much 

 value ; but the plat* s of flowering plant* are in general good, nnd 

 have, in many instances, received the commendation of De Canrtolle; 

 those of the fungi are frequently cited not only by the botanists of 

 France, but by all writers on European fungi. A second part of the 

 work appeared at Pari* in 1832, entitled ' Figures des Champignons, 

 servant de Supplement aux Planches de Bulliard, peintes d apron 

 Nature, et lithographiees par J. B. Letellier,' in small folio, six 

 cahiers, containing the plates from 603 to 638. Bulliard published 

 also, in 1783, ' Dictiounaire Elementaire de Botnnique,' Paris, in 

 folio, with two platen ; and it has been three or four times reprinted 

 with addition*. Bulliard wu the inventor of the art of priutiug 

 plates of natural history in colours, and he employed it in all his 

 w .rk". 



BULWER, Sill E. LYTTON. {LrrroK, SIB E. BDLWER.] 



BULWER, SIR HKXRY LYTTON KAKLE, was born in 1804. 

 He is the elder brother of Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton. In 1827 he 

 was attached to the million at Berlin, in 1829 to the embassy at Vienna. 

 In 1830 he was at the Hague, and in the same year was sent to Brus- 

 sel* on a special minion of observation on the revolution which had 

 just broken out in Belgium. He wa* elected M.P. for Wilton in 1830, 

 and for Coventry in 1831 ; wu attached to the embassy at Paris in 

 1832, and wu M.P. for Marylebone from 1834 to 1887. In 1835 he 

 WM appointed secretary of legation at Brunei*, and in 1837 secretary 

 of embu<y at Constantinople. In 1889 he wu secretary of embassy 



at Paris. In 1843 he was sent to Madrid u envoy extraordinary and 

 minuter plenipotentiary. His opposition to the arbitrary acts uf the 

 Spanish government led to bis dismissal from Spain in 1848 ; but the 

 British government having approved of hi* conduct, refused to ap|x>int 

 a successor, and the court of Spain was for two years without a British 

 ministerial resident In 1848 he married the youngest daughter of 

 the first Lord Cowley, and in 1849 proceeded to Washington u minis- 

 ter plenipotentiary to the United State*. In 1851 he was created a 

 Knight Grand Cross of the order of the Bath, and in 1852 wu 

 appointed envoy extraordinary to Tuscany. He has published ' An 

 Autumn in Greece,' 'France Social ami Literary,' and 'The Monarchy 

 of the Middle Classes.' 



BULWER, JOHN, an English physician of the 17th century, who 

 devoted himself to the discovery of methods for communicating know- 

 ledge to the deaf and dumb. Dr. Wall is is generally regarded as the 

 originator in England of an art by which the benefits of instruction 

 are bestowed on the deaf; and in the ' Memorials' of his own life he 

 appears in unrivalled possession of this honour. But Bulwer, a con- 

 temporary of WallU, has claim* which only need to be known to 

 entitle him to the credit which hu so generally been given to another. 

 That Wallis was disingenuous on this subject in more than one instance, 

 is evident from a notice of Dalgaruo's works, which appeared in the 

 ' Edinburgh Review,' No. cxxiv. Whether Bulwer aud Wallis had 

 received intelligence of what had been accomplished by Ponce and 

 lionet in Spain, cannot now be determined. It is probable that Bulwer 

 had obtained no such information, for his mode of treating the subject 

 is original, and rather that of an inventor than a copyist The earlier 

 practice of Wallis is in many respects similar to the methods pursued 

 by Bonet, a* detailed in his work published in 1620. [Boxi.T. j It is 

 probable that Bulwer did not use a manual alphabet, for he mentions 

 with a degree of admiration the employment of this medium of com- 

 munication in the case of a gentleman who became deaf through 

 disease. Sir Kenelm Digby, who was deeply impressed with Bonet's 

 success in Spain, would probably send the first intelligence of his 

 labours to England, hir K. Digby had much correspondence with 

 Dr. Wallis on philosophical subjects previous to 1658, in which year 

 WallU published the results of that correspondence. Wallis did not 

 make public the inventions which he claimed for instructing the deaf 

 till 1670, though he introduced bis first pupil, Mr. Whalley, before the 

 Royal Society in 1662, after a year's instruction. 



In estimating Bulwer' s performances it must not be forgotten that 

 no Englixh writer, as far as can be now ascertained, had previously 

 employed himself on the subject which Bulwor attempted to eluci- 

 date. In 1C44 Bulwer published ' Chirononiia, or the Art of Manual 

 Rhetoric,' and ' Chirologia, or the Natural Language of the Hand.' 

 These ore the works which obtained for him the surname of ' the 

 Chirosopher.' They formed part of that system of artificial lan- 

 guage which he designed to employ iu developing his philosophical 

 views, and by which he proposed to lead the deaf to a knowledge of 

 spoken language. Bulwer's chief work is entitled ' Philocophus, or 

 the Deafe and Dumbo Man's Friend ; exhibiting the philosophical 

 verity of that subtile art which may inable one with an observant eie 

 to he/arc what any man speaks by the moving of his lips. Upon the 

 same ground, with the advantage of an historical exemplification, 

 apparently proving that a man borne deafe and dumbe may be taught 

 to heare sounds of words with his eie, and thence learn to speak with 

 his tongue. By J. B., sirnamed the Chirosopher. London, 1648.' 



Bulwer's principles of instruction may be gathered from the above 

 works : they appear to have been imitative signs, or the language of 

 notion ; the labial alphabet, or reading the movement of the lips ; and 

 articulation. There was an originality in his conceptions which no 

 prior or, contemporary author on the subject, in this or any other 

 country, could claim. He noticed the power which the deaf pones* 

 of hearing sounds through the teeth, an experiment which may be 

 ma-le in various ways, especially by means of a musical box or a 

 repeating watch. He also produced several other works, among which 

 were the following : ' Tractatus de reinovendis loquelx itnpediuientis ; ' 

 ' Tractatus de removen iis auditoris impediments ; ' but it is probable 

 that these treatises were not published : their titles occur at the end 

 of one of his curious works, which appeared in 4 to in 1653, called 

 ' Anthropo metamorphosis, Man-transformed, or the Changeling,' in 

 which he shows tho great variety of shapes and drcxsrs which men 

 have assumed iu the different ages and nations of the world. HP 

 also published ' Pathomyotomia, or a Dissection of the significative 

 Muscles of the Affections of the Mind,' 1649, 12mo. 



Bulwer must be regarded as a man of persevering research, and 

 though not on instructor of the deaf and dumb, he was undoubtedly 

 the first in England to point out a safe and certain path which teachers 

 might pursue. 



BUN8EN, CHRISTIAN KARL JOSIAS, CHEVALIER DK, a 

 philologist, theologian, and diplomatist, was born at Corbacb, in the 

 small German principality of Waldeck, on the 25th of August 1791 ; 

 and wu educated at the University of Gottingen, where be studied 

 philology under the famous Heyne. He distinguished himself greatly 

 u a classical scholar, and in 1313 published at Gottingen a prose 

 essay, ' De jure Athenieusium hereditario.' After being employed some 

 time u a classical teacher, his desire to perfect himself in oriental 

 languages induced him to go to Paris, where he studied under the noted 



