BUOXAFEDK, AI'PUXO. 



BUONAROTTI, MICHEL ANQELO. 



1011 



known u Hi-hop Bunyan. Nor were his exertion* confined 

 to U> neighbourhood of Bedford. H used to make frequent vUiu to 

 London, where lh announcement of a sermon by him WM eertmin to 



u. i 1 igregation. Thus in the regular performance of 



the hat sixteen years of hi* life were patted. 



Mi 



an i 



! Ml 



hi* pen u well a* hi* voice being diligently employed in the way of 

 hi* vocation. The close of hi* life i* thai related by Sonthey. 

 " Reading was a place where he was well known. ... In a visit to 

 that place he contracted the disease which brought him to the grave. 

 A friend of his who readied there had resolved to disinherit hi* ton ; 

 the youug man requested Bunyan to interfere in hi* behalf; be did ao 

 with good suoors*. and it waa hi* latt labour of love; for, ratonriag 

 to London on horseback through heavy rain, a fever ensued, which 

 after ten day* proved fatal He died at the house of his friend 

 Mr. Stradwick, a grocer, at the sign of the Star on Snow Hill, and wai 

 buried in that friend's vault in Bunhill Fields' burial-ground." II i- 

 tomb-ttone state* hU death to have occurred on the 12th of August, 

 1688, bat the correct date appears to be August the 81t. Bunyan's 

 eooad wife and three children survived him : a blind daughter had 

 died tome time previously. 



The first collected edition of Bunyan'* ' Work*' was published in 

 folio in 1692, under the superintendence of his successor in the ministry 

 at Bedford, Ebencavr Chandler, and another Baptist mininter. John 

 Wilson : the but and most carefully collated edition of ' The Works 

 of John Banyan, with an Introduction, Notes, and Sketch of bis Life 

 and Contemporaries' by George Oflbr, was published in 1853 in 3 voR 

 imp. Svo. Of the ' Pilgrim's Progress' the first edition of the first 

 part was printed in 1678, a tenth edition was published in 1685. It 

 has since been reprinted innumerable times, and in every variety of 

 style, from the cheapest and coarsest to the most sumptuous; and 

 almost every kind of illustration has been lavished upon it. Of recent 

 editions perhaps that by Southey, with hi* gracefully written Lif'! 

 prefixed, one issued by Mr. Bogue, with an excellent text, and a vast 

 number of admirable illustrations by Harvey, and tbnt edited by Mr. 

 U. Oflbr for the Hanserd Knollys Society, which is an exact reprint 

 (with all the typographical peculiarities) of the fir-t edition, may be 

 tingled oat for special commendation. The 'Pilgrim's Progress' has 

 been translated into every language and almost every dialect of civilised 

 Europe, and, being regarded as a faithful exponent of the views of a 

 large part of protestant Christianity, it has been a favourite exercise 

 of missionaries to translate it into the languages of the peopla to 

 whom they have been sent : hence the ' Pilgrim' of the Elstow tinker 

 has been rendered into more languages than any other uninspired 

 writing. 



And it deserves all the labour that has been expended upon it. 

 Beyond dispute it is the fir=t in rank of its class. Written by a plain 

 uneducated man for plain uneducated people, it has over found its way 

 straight home to their hearts and imagination!. But it has not less 

 delighted and instructed the most highly educated and intellectual 

 Macaalay, in his 'Essay on Southey's Bunyan' (written in 1831), 

 affirmed that he " was not afraid to say, that, though there were many 

 clever men in England during the latter half of the 17th century, 

 there were only two great creative minds : one of these minds produced 

 the 'Paradise Lost,' the other the 'Pilgrim's Progress.'" This is 

 high, it might almost seem extravagant praise ; yet twenty years later 

 the tame great authority reiterate* in his ' History ' the eulogy which 

 be might be thought to have carelessly thrown out in the pages of a 

 review: "Bunyan i* as decidedly the first of allegorista as Demos- 

 thenes is the first of orators, or Sbiikspere the first of dramatists. Other 

 allegoritt* have shown great ingenuity, but no other allegorist has ever 

 been able to to touch the heart, and to make abstraction* object* of 

 terror, of p*tj, and of love." 



BOONAFE'DK, APPIA'NO, bora in 1716 at Comacchio in the 

 papal state, entered the order of the Celestiues, in which he rose 

 gradually to the highest dignities. He was elected general of the 

 whole order in 1777, in which capacity ho went to pay hi* homage to 

 the king of Naples a* feudatory of the crown for several fiefs which 

 the OeUstinen possessed in that kingdom. He spent the latter years 

 of hi* life at Rome, where he died in December 1793. He wrote 

 several work*, especially philosophical speculation", and the history of 

 philoaophy ancient and modem. 1. 'Delia Istoria e della Indole 

 d'ogni Ffloaona,' Lucca, 7 vol*. Svo, 1781. Thi* work treat* of the 

 philoaophy of the ancient* and that of the middle ages till the 15th 

 century. 2. ' Della Ristaurazione d'ogni Filosofia nei Becoli xvl, xvii., 



* xviii.,' 3 Tola, Svo, Venezia, 1780-89. This work was translated 

 into German by Heydenreich, with many addition*, under the title 



Agatopisto Cromazuno ' Kritische Gnchichte der Revolutionen der 

 Philosophic in den drey Ictztcn Jahrhunderten,' Leipzig, 1791. Buon- 

 afele had assumed in the Society of the Arcadi the academical name 

 of AgatopUto Cromaxiano, under which most of his work* were 

 publish, d. The style of hi* history of philosophy U fluent and 

 pleating, and well adapted to popular reading ; but the matter of the 

 work displays more historical learning than searching criticism. 

 Buonafode'i judgments are mostly impartial and independent, as much 

 perhaps a* could be expected from one of his profession, and from the 

 time* and place in which he wrote. It 1* a curious though by no 

 mean* singular instance of the contradictory judgment* passed upon 

 writer* on polemical subject*, that while Buonafede was looked upon 



in high quarters at Rome a* being too favourable to what was called 

 the philosophy of the 18th century, others, and hi* biographer among 

 the rest, have taxed him with monkish intolerance, and with being 

 too subservient to the court of Rome. Buonafede wrote also 3. 

 'Dalle conquitte oelebri, etaminate col natural diritto dell 

 Svo, Lucca, 1768. 4. ' Storia critic* e filosofiea del suicidio ragionat,' 

 Svo, Lucca, 1780 : an investigation of the circumstance* which have 

 atUndrd many case* of suicide recorded in history. 5. ' Kitratti 

 poetici, storici, e critici di varj modern! eoomini di letter*,' in a aerie* 

 of sonnet*, with interesting biographical note*. The author has traced 

 hi* own moral portrait among the rest. 6. ' Storia critica del moderno 

 diritto di nntura e delle genti,' Penicia, 1789. 7. ' Del Pirronismo 

 teologioo e politico.' 8. Dell' apparizione di alcune ombre.' 9. ' I 

 filoiofi fanciulli,' a satirical comedy after tho manner of Aristophanes. 

 10. ' Orazione per le belle artl' 11. ' Della litx-rta poetic*, epistola,' 

 These two little works are remarkable for good taste and bold criticism. 

 12. 'Discorai della malignita itorioa,' or strictures on Sarpi's history 

 of the Council of Trent 13. ' Della impudenxa letteraria,' being a 

 sharp review of the biographical memoirs of the same Sarpi written by 

 Oriselini. Buonafede's criticisms were in general bitter and virulent, a* 

 an example of which we cite the ' Bue Pedagogo,' which he wrote against 

 Baretti. (Ugoni, Dtlla Ltlteratura Ilaliana ; Mazzuchclli, Seritluri 

 d" Italia; Kloyio Storico di Agntopiito Cromaxiano, Venezi*, 1795.) 



BUONAPATE [BOKAPABTI] 



BUONAROTTI, MICHEL ANGELO, the father of epic painting, 

 and scarcely leas distinguished as a sculptor and architect, was 

 descended from the noble family of Caoo'sa in Tuscany. He was 

 born in the year 1474, a period peculiarly favourable to genius, when 

 the states of Italy emulated each other in the cultivation of the liberal 

 art*. Michel Angclo, the bent of whose powers manifested itself in 

 his earliest childhood, learned the elements of design in the school of 

 Domenico Gbirlandaio, a celebrated professor in Florence. While he 

 pursued his studies with thi* master, a seminary was established for 

 the promotion of sculpture by Lorenzo de' Medici, and Michel Angelo 

 was invited among other youths to etudy from the collection of 

 antique statue* arranged in the Hedicean gardens. It ia said that the 

 eight of these splendid works determined him to devote himself 

 entirely to sculpture ; he began, not merely by copying, but by inves- 

 tigating the principle* on which the Greek artists had wrought, and 

 having found a head of a laughing faun, considerably mutilated, ho 

 imitated that part of it which was perfect, and restored what was 

 wanting. Lorenzo, who frequently visited the garden, was struck by 

 this demonstration of vigorous capacity ; and being pleased no let* 

 with the simple manner* of the youth, and his evident devotion to his 

 art, he invited him to reside entirely in his house, where be remained 

 three years, treated with paternal kindness, and having the advantage 

 of associating with the first literary characters of the age. At the 

 suggestion of Politian, who also resided with Lorenzo, he executed 

 for this illustrious patron a basso-rilievo in marble, the subject of 

 which was the ' Battle of the Centaurs ;' he resumed the pencil also 

 during this period, and mada many studies from the works of 

 Masaccio. Lorenzo died in 1492. His brother Pietro continued to 

 patronise Michel Angelo, but in a different spirit Treating art as a 

 toy, he employed him, during a severe winter, to make a statue of 

 snow : and manifesting in all things the same frivolous spirit, he pre- 

 cipitated, by his bad government, the downfall of hi* family, which 

 was driven from Florence in 1494. On this event, Michel Angelo 

 retired to Bologna, where he contributed two statues to the church of 

 the Dominicans, and after a year's residence in that city returned to 

 Florence. During this time he made the celebrated statue of a 

 ' Sleeping Cupid,' which was sent to Rome, where it was shown as a 

 piece of sculpture which had been dug up from a vineyard, and was 

 pronounced by various connoisseurs to be a genuine antique, and 

 superior to anything which contemporary art was capable of pro- 

 ducing. This statue having been purchased at a high price by the 

 Cardinal S. Giorgio, the trick became known, and Michel Angela's 

 reputation was so much augmented by it that the cardinal, though 

 vexed at the deception, invited him to Rome. He devoted himself 

 during this his first residence in the imperial city to intense study, 

 and t-zecuted several works, particularly a 'Virgin Weeping ov-r tin? 

 Dead Body of Christ,' for St. Peter's church, which excited astonish- 

 ment, not only by its excellence, but by the apparent facility with 

 which the greatest difficulties of art were surmounted. 



Several great works in art having at this time been projected by the 

 government of Florence, Michel Angelo, at the earnest advice of his 

 friend*, returned to that city, and the first undertaking on which he 

 exercised his talents was a gigantic marble statue of David, which had 

 been commenced tome yean previously by one Simon da Ficsole, who, 

 finding that he had undertaken a task wholly beyond his capacity, had 

 abandoned it in despair. The misshapen mass which had been thus 

 left Michel Angelo accommodated to a new design, and produced from 

 it the sublime statue which ornament* the great square at Florence. 

 The gonfaloniere, Pietro Sodcrini, was now nuxious to enrich the city 

 with some grand production of Michel Angelo's pencil. Leonardo da 

 Vinci had been commissioned to paint an historical picture for one 

 end of the hall of the ducal palace, and Michel Angelo was engaged 

 to execute another at the opposite extremity. He selected a subject 

 from the war* of Pia, in which a number of men, while bathing in 



