CABRERA, DON RAMON. 



CADE, JOHN. 



the three ringleaders, who were actually the persons named to succeed 

 him in command in case of hia death. Cabot explored the river La 

 Plata and some of its tributaries, erected forts in the most favourable 

 positions, and endeavoured to colonise the country. He despatched 

 persons to Spain to solicit the permission of the Emperor, Charles, and 

 a supply of ammunition, provisions, &c. ; and as the merchants declined 

 to co-operate in the new undertaking, Charles took the whole expense 

 upon himself. 



About 1527 Diego Garcia, commander of a rival expedition, arrived 

 in the Plata, ascended the Paranii, and had an interview with Cabot. 

 Garcia claimed the discovery of the Plata River as being under orders 

 from Charles V., and Cabot, who would not struggle for a doubtful 

 right, descended the river with him. Garcia soon after quitted the 

 country, but left behind him some of his followers, who were guilty 

 of acts which roused the fierce resentment of the Guaranis, but iu 

 which it is expressly declared by Herrera that Cabot took no part. 

 The vengeance of the natives knew no distinctions ; the whole nation 

 bunt with fury on the feeble colony, and Cabot was compelled to put 

 to sea. He returned to Spain in 1531, where he resumed his old 

 office, and is known to have made several voyages. In 1518 he 

 resolved to return to his native country. 



Edward VI. was then on the throne of England, and being very 

 solicitous about maritime affairs, he appears to have conversed with 

 Cabot, and to have received from him some explanation about the 

 variation of the compass, first noticed, or at least first particularly 

 attended to, by Sebastian Cabot. In the beginning of 1549 Edward 

 granted him a pension of 250 marks per annum (1662. 13$. 4it). Cabot 

 remained high in the king's favour, and was consulted in all affairs 

 relating to trade and navigation. The advice and influence of Cabot 

 in directing an expedition to the north opened to England the valuable 

 trade with Russia : he was made governor of the company of merchant 

 adventurers by whom the expedition was fitted out ; and the instruc- 

 tions delivered by him to the commander, Sir Hujh Willoughby, reflect 

 the greatest credit on bis good sense, knowledge, and humanity. 



After the Russian trade was established, the exertions of Cabot were 

 continued : the journal of Stephen Burroughs, who was despatched 

 as commander of a vessel hi 1556, shows the character of Cabot in a 

 favourable light. Speaking of a visit to the vessel at Gravesend previous 

 to her departure, he says : " The good olde gentleman, Master Cabota, 

 gave to the poore moat liberall almes, wishing them to pray for the 

 good fortune and prosperous successe ofthe Serchthrift, ourPinnesse;" 

 iind at an entertainment afterwards " for very joy that he had to see 

 the towarduess of our intended discovery, he entered into the dance 

 himselfe amongst the rest of the young and lusty company." 



The death of Edward VI., and the succession of Mary, put an end 

 to the enterprise of Cabot. His pension was continued until May 

 when it was renewed, not to him exclusively, but jointly witu 

 one William Worthington, of whom little is known. To this person 

 all the maps and documents of Cabot were delivered, and it baa been 

 supposed that by his means they were either destroyed or put into 

 the possession of Philip of Spain, the husband of Mary ; certain it is 

 that they are no longer to be found. 



It is not known when or where Cabot died ; although his friend 

 F.I i.'ii, in his dedication to the translation of ' Taisnierus's Treatise on 

 Navigation,' gives an account of his death. He says, speaking of a 

 mode of finding the longitude " Cabot, on hia death-bed, tolile me 

 that he had the knowledge thereof, by divine revelation, yet so that he 

 might not teache any man." Eden thought " the good old man in 

 that extreme age somewhat doted, and had not yet, even in the article 

 of death, utterly shaken off all worldlye vaine glorye." 



(Memoir of Sebaitian Cabot, London, 1831 ; see also Hakluyt, 

 Purchas, Cooley, and Anderson, llitlory of Commerce.) 



CABRERA, DON RAMON, a Carlist chief very prominent in 

 some of the darkest passages of the recent history of Spain, was born 

 at Tortosa in 1809. He lost his father in 1816, his mother, who con- 

 tracted a second marriage, survived for a fate which excited the 

 horror of Europe. Young Cabrera, who was intended for a priest, 

 but who is said to have been found incapable of learning Latin, first 

 became known iu 1834. On the death of Ferdinand VII. in 1833, a 

 decree was made that all the royalist volunteers or supporters of 

 absolutism should be disarmed. The decree was generally obeyed 

 throughout the kingdom, except in the wild district called the 

 Maeatrazgo on the borders of Aragon, Catalonia, and Castile, which 

 became the general refuge of all the malcontents who were determined 

 to retain their arms. General Breton, the governor of Tortosa, 

 expelled from the town, when the times seemed to be becoming 

 unsettled, all whom he considered suspicious characters, and among 

 them Cabrera, more it is said to be rid of a riotous and dissolute 

 young man than with any other view. Cabrera exclaimed as he left 

 the town, " I swear I will make some noise in the world," and in a 

 few months he succeeded. The wild youth, who had hitherto only 

 organised street disturbances, turned out to be a terrible partisan 

 chief, and wag soon second in command in the Maestrazgo now in open 

 revolt. He wai ere long sent for to concert with Don Carlos in the 

 Basque provinces; on his return the commander above him, Don 

 Ramon Carnioer, was summoned to Don Carlos also, but was inter- 

 cepted by the troops of Queen Christina, through whom he tried to 

 make his way iu disguise, was detected, and shot. Universal opinion 



at the time, both of Cabrera's soldiers and the enemy, attributed to 

 him the betrayal of the disguise of his commander, but he succeeded 

 to the vacant command. It is now generally believed that this suspi- 

 cion was unfounded, but there cau be no doubt that Cabrera, now 

 become a formidable leader, was cruel beyond even the usual licence 

 of a partisan chief. The incensed Christines, eager for revenge, 

 stained their cause by an act of deep atrocity. General Nogueras 

 seized the mother of Cabrera who was in his power, and she was 

 sentenced to be shot, to punish the atrocities of her son. The result 

 of the measure was that Cabrera ordered the massacre of the wives of 

 thirty officers, and the war became a war of murder. For several years 

 afterwards his career was one of singular daring, great military talent, 

 and reckless cruelty. Not only did he hold the Maestrazgo against all 

 the forces the government could bring against him, but he joined 

 Gomez in his bold march through Andalusia ; took the city of Valencia, 

 where hia sanguinary banquet of the 29th of March 1837 is remem- 

 bered with horror; and he at one time threatened for some days 

 Madrid, where it is said the timidity of Don Carlos alone prevented 

 Cabrera from storming the royal palace. He had under his command 

 towards the end of this civil war a body of 20,000 infantry and 800 

 horse. At the time of "the embrace of Bergara," in August 1839, 

 when fortunately for Spain the cause of Don Carlos was betrayed by 

 his other general, Cabrera was master of the Maestrazgo, and the title 

 of Count of Morella conferred on him by Don Carlos for his successful 

 defence of Morella against the Christines, was borne by him in the 

 conventions with the Christino generals, in which, at the instigation of 

 Lord Eliot sent by the Duke of Wellington, the system of mutual 

 slaughter was at last renounced. After Bergara he was unable to 

 continue the contest, and in 1840 took refuge in France, where he was 

 at first sent to the fortress of Ham, but was soon after set at liberty. 

 In 1815 he strongly opposed Don Carlos's abdication of his rights in 

 favour of the Count de Montemolin, but in 1 84 8, the year of revolution, 

 when circumstances in Spain seemed to present a favourable opening 

 for his purposes, he returned to rekindle civil war. In an action fought 

 at Puster.il in January 1849, he was not only defeated but severely 

 wounded, and obliged in consequence for a second time to take refuge 

 in France. He soon afterwards came to England, where he had 

 previously passed some time in his first exile, and married an English- 

 woman, with whom he afterwards removed to Naples. The last news 

 we believe of his movements is that he attended the funeral of Don 

 Carlos at Trieste. 



The career of Cabrera has been treated at length by several Spanish 

 writers. There is a life of him in four volumes by. Don Buenaventura 

 de Cdrdoba. An historical novel by Don Weuceslao Ayguals de Isco, 

 entitled 'El Tigre del Maestrazgo,' depicts him in the blackest colours, 

 and in it Cabrera is represented as having cruelly slain the author's 

 brother. There is also a small volume in answer to this singular pro- 

 duction by Gonzalez de la Cruz. Finally, there is a poem in honour 

 of Cabrera published at Madrid in 1849, entitled 'El Caudillo de 

 Morella ' (' The Chief of Morella '). It is admitted on all hands that 

 for daring courage, for fertility of resources, and for presence of mind 

 in danger, Cabrera is unmatched in the recent annals of Spain. 



CA'CCIA, GUGLIELMO, commonly called MONCALVO, from 

 Moncalvo, near Casale, the place of his abode, was born at Moutabone 

 in 1568. He was one of the best fresco painters of the 17th century, 

 and is among the most celebrated of the Piedmoutese painters. There 

 are still several of his works in Milan, Pavia, Turin, Novara, Moncalvo, 

 Casale, and other cities of that part of Italy. The church de' Con- 

 ventuali alone, at Moncalvo, contains almost a gallery of Caccia's works 

 in oil ; they are very light in colour, but faint in effect, and in design 

 frequently remind us strongly of the works of Andrea del Sarto, 

 especially in his ' Holy Families ' and such pieces. He is reported to 

 have studied with the Carracci, a fact which Lanzi considers very 

 improbable ; and he says that if Caccia studied in Bologna at all, it 

 must have been from the works of L. Sabbatini, prior to the Carraeci ; 

 but he accounts for his similarity of style with that master from a 

 picture by Soleri in Casale, from which he may have acquired it, as 

 their styles are very similar. Bernardino Campi also painted in a very 

 similar style. Caccia's best works in fresco are iu the church of S:iut* 

 Antonio Abate at Milan, and in San Paolo at Novara. His master-piece 

 in oil is considered to be the ' Deposition from the Cross,' in the church 

 of San Gaudenzio at Novara : there are also two excellent altar-pieces 

 by him in the churches of Santa Croce and Santa Teresa at Turin, and 

 two others in a chapel of San Domenico at Chieri. Some of his 

 landscape backgrounds are in the style of Paul Bril. Caccia died 

 about 1625. 



Caccia instructed two of his daughters in painting Orsola Maddalena 

 and Francesca by whom there are many works iu Moncalvo and the 

 vicinity : the pictures of the elder, Orsola, are marked with a flower ; 

 those of Francesca with a bird. Orsola founded the Couservatorio 

 delle Orseline (Ursulines) in Moncalvo; she died in 1678. Francesca 

 also survived her father many years : she died aged 57. 



(Orlandi, Abetedario PUtorico ; Lanzi, Storia PMorica, <kc.) 

 CADE, JOHN, an Irishman, who pretended and was believed by 

 some to be a bastard relation of the Duke of York, and hence assumed 

 the name of Mortimer. Hhakspere has made him familiarly known to 

 us as ' Jack Cade.' The insurrection which ho headed broke out in 

 Kent in the beginning of June, during Whitsuntide week, in the year 



