I* 



CJSAR. CAIU8 JULIUa 



i- i <ir ; 



hi. Ufc vwaJd be in danger. HU 

 MdiHttod by UM cUalh of Julia without 



wfth riaiij kod b***. dl*a*lr*d by tb. ifeath of JuIU without any 

 swrvlviac cAertn*. and by UM pawing jatlooa* and for >tb tich 

 U*MM to Oaol aad kal popularity with hi. army had 6U*d all th. 

 Mteanarilin*! party. QaW* okjoot BOW WM to obtain th* consulship 

 Meood tin*. MM! a apookl oe<mot bad brn alrwdy paseed 

 OBil4ia him to ataod for ti>. eaOMlahip in bw abwooe ; but I'ompey, 

 who a* b** WM roosed from hi* Wthargy, ptvnukd upon th. Senate 

 to r*sir* him to fir* up the command of tb* army, and com* to 

 MM la aeraoa to b* a oaadidte. CWav, who wai now at Rareon* 

 ! kat fMihoi of Oallia Cbalptaa, Mat Curio to Horn* with a letter 

 iliiaMii la .trout; term* (do. 'Kp. ad Div ,' iri 11), in which b 

 imtiuaii to fin up hu anny and OOBM to the city, if Pompey would 

 also gir* op U ~~~* of UM troop* which b* bad. The*, troop* 



aknnM fir* up ki* army by a certain day, or b* considered an enemy 

 t UM state. Tk. tribune*, M. Antonio* and Q, Caariu*. tb* friend* 

 of Caw, attoaiptsd to opponttM meuon by their ' interetatio,' which 

 WM porfecUy legal ; bat their oppotition WM trotted with contempt, 

 and tko* UM7**Md.wbat UMy wor* probably not lorry to have, a 

 food eaoos* for barrjrinf to Csar with th. newt (da., kf. ad Div,' 

 11.) Upon normog the inuUigeno* Cw croated the Rubicon, 

 '1 all Mill which fciimsd the southern limit of hit province, and 

 hi* march toward* Ike south. The city WM filled with con- 

 Glilsfli war. divided and heatteting and Pompey, who WM 

 UM imiaasanitar m-cklof on tb. aid. of th. Senate. WM unprorMed 

 with troop* to oppose Ik* roterane of theOallio wan. Domitiua, who 

 had thrown hitaaslf into Corfinium to defend the place, WM given up 

 r by ki* soldier*, who joined th* invading army. The alarm 

 BOM otiD gnater. and it WM reeolved by the senatorial party 

 to pa** iato Orwea, and for th* promt to leav* Italv at the mercy of 

 Cwaar** Mgioo*. Pompey, with a Urge part of tbe Senate and hi* 

 farar*. hurried to BroidUiom, whence be succeeded in making good 

 kit eaoap. to Drrraehium in Kpima, though Osar had reached the 

 Iowa IOOM day* before rntap*j left It. 



r advanced to Rom*, where he met with no 

 nbl*d, with do* regard to form*, to 



ordinance*, and there WM little or nothing to mark the great 

 that bad tak*a plaoa, except Caeaar'* inmsailni hlmnlf of the 

 >. which Ik* other party in their hurry bad left behind 

 lament WM into Spain, where Pompey'l party WM strong, 

 Afranin. tad Potraio* were at tb* head of eight legions. 

 AArr completely reducing tbi* important province, Cawar, on hi* 

 i. took that 



SrJIotJ 



Hi* next mot 



: UM town of Maaailia (Marseille), the *eig* of which had 

 nead on hi* march to Spain. Tfaia ancient city, the seat 

 of ettt and polite leamhig. had profeased a wish to maintain a neutral 

 UM two rival parties (' Ball Civil.' L 85) and their 

 . W. might Inf.r from one passage in Stnbo, that 

 severely either during or immediately after the 



rlSO); bat another paasage seems to imply that tbe 

 hi* victory with moderation. (Strabo, pp. 180, 181.) 

 i UU* of Dictator WM tatamed by Caxar on hi* return to Rome ; 

 bwt b* mad* ao further us* of the power which it WM supnosexl to 

 eeatVr than to aominate himtelf and Serriliui consuls for the following 

 year (a c. 48). Tk* campaign of the year B.C. 48 completed the <!- 

 awaoUuo of UM omatorU party. It is given at length in the third 

 book of UM ' i inl Wan ' (wh r* however there appears to be a con- 

 sUsswhli limn), aad eomprioai tb* operation* of C**ar and Pompey 

 at Dlliaaaliim (now Durauo), and th* tubwquent defeat of Pompey 

 oa UM groat plain of Pkanalus, in Thaojaly. Surrounded by nearly 

 SM aaaaicra, who acted Ilk* a controlling council, with an army mainly 

 ad of raw, undisciplined recruits, the commnd<r-iu chief, 

 i |<wrlooi repatoUon WM mon do* to fortune than to 

 WM aa tnsoaal atatok for toldian hardened by eight yean' campaign*, 

 aad dkiHnl by UM oMffMt of on* skilful general. It seem, difficult 

 tocooipntwod Ik* movomonte of Pompey after the battle. He turned 

 kw *W* to UN ***4, one* Ik* acen* of kit conquest*, but he had no 

 Mai as oa whom k. could rely, aad iattead of going to Syria, M he at 

 fcat laHoJil k* WM eompelfad to ohaage kit eoor**. and accordingly 



ko mO* to P I..I iaUVDeiteof Egjpt. Ottar,wbobadimna.a 



-. arrived a Itttie 

 Achilla*, tb* com- 

 and U Septimiua, 

 ar with the iiirato*. 



i fifty hl jrotn old at the time of kb death. 

 Tb. , wkiok Mlowod UM death of Pom) ly be 



Tbe diapote* in UM royal bmily of Kgypt and 

 of Caaar brought on a contest between ths Roman* 

 bieh onded ra a new eHtlomont of th* king. 

 do** fcy Ik* Roman g*QaraL (So* UM book on the AUsaodrin* war.) 

 Her* Canar famed hi. intimacy with CUopatra, then in her twenty- 

 tksri y*ar. Cbopatn afterwards followed him to Roma, when *h* 

 WM Uviag at UM Urn* of Onar'* death. [CtiorATKA.] Early in the 

 foUowtag year (B.C. 47), Caajar marched into UM prorinc* of Pontu*, 



b.eaUedtoP.laahnn,laU.eDelteofP4ypt Camr.w 

 kte wilk tearodMeoalority (-BaiL arU'iU. o. 102), 

 after Poomy bad bwa treacberoaaly mnrdere.1 by Ao 

 mmm of UM troop* of Ik* young king Ptolemy, and 

 4 Reeaaa, wko kad aarfod under Poaper la UM war wi 



and eotirely defeated Phamaoee, the ion of kUUkridate*. who had 

 on the Roman citiaeo* in Aaia. He returned 



to Italy in the autumn, by way of Athena. At Brundiiium be WM 

 met by Cicero (Plut, ' Ola.' 89), who wai gbd to make hi* peaoa, and 

 had no maun to be diantkned with hi. reception. On hi* return to 

 Rome, Caaar WM named Dictator for one roar, and contul for th* 

 following rear, with Lepiilua. Daring the winter he eroatad over into 

 Africa, where the party of Pompey had rallied under Scipio. gained a 

 oomplote Tictory at the battle of Tbapeoa, and WM again at Rome la 

 the autumn of H.C. 44 In the year B.C. 45, Ca?ar WM aole ooneu], 

 and DioUtor for the third time. During tbe greater part of tbii year 

 he WM abeent in Spain, where Cn. Potency, the eon of Pompey th* 

 On-at, had railed a oonaiderable force, and WM in noeaaauon of the 

 aouthern part of the penlniula. The great battle of Hunda, in which 

 80,000 men are eald to bare fallen on the aide of Pompey, terminated 

 th* campaign* of Ctoaar. Pompey WM taken after th* battle, and hi* 

 head WM carri.d to Cnaar, who wa* then at Hiipalii (Serille). 



i in bia return to Itome, Or WM oraatod coniul for ton yean, and 

 I >i Ut..r for life. On the Ide* (16th) of March, &c. 44, he WM anam. 

 nated in the lenate-houie. f KRUTU*.] After hi* death he WM enrolled 

 among the god* (Sucton., ' Canar,' 88), under the appellation of 'DITOS 

 ivuvu,' M appean from hi* medal*. 



Brltlih Muieara. Actual lite. Btonxe. VTrl;ht 347} (rains. 



Cawar did not lire long enough after acquiring the sovereign power 

 to rebuild the rraiy fabric of Roman polity which be had demolished 

 in fact though not in form. But a itate which had long been torn in 

 piece* by opposing faction* whoae constitutional form* nerved rather 

 to cherish dUcord than to promote that general unity of interest* 

 without which no government can aubeist where life and property 

 were exponed to constant ri-k could find no repoae except under on* 

 bead. A bloody period followed the death of Cmar, but the fortune 

 of hi* name and family at last pn railed, and Rome and the world 

 were happier umler the wont of hi* successor* than during the latter 

 yean of tbe so-called republic. 



The energy of Camr'a character hi* personal aeooinpluhmento and 

 courage hi* talent* for war and hi* capacity for civil affair* com- 

 bine to render him one of the most remarkable men of any age. 

 Though a lover of pleamire, and a man of licentious habit*, he never 

 neglected what WM a matter of business. He began that active career 

 which has immortalised hi* name when he WM forty yean of age a 

 time of life when ordinary men's powen of enterprise are commonly 

 dead*n*d or extinguished. A* a writer and an orator he han received 

 the highest praise from Cicero ; hia ' Commentaries,' written in a plain 

 perspicuoui style, entirely free from all affectation, place him in the 

 Mine, clnu with Xenophon and those few individual* who have MIC- 

 ceiwfully united the pursuit of letten and philosophy with the buiine** 

 of active life. Hi* project* were vaat and magnificent ; he leemi to 

 have formed dmign* (Suetonius, 'Cica.' 44) far beyond what the 

 ability of one man could execute, or the longest life could expect to 

 ee realiaed. Hi* reform of the Roman calendar, under the direction 

 of Socigcnei, and hi* intended consolidation of the then almost 

 unmanageable body of Roman law, do credit to his judgment. He 

 rstatilinlio.' public libraries, and Rave to the learned Varro the care of 

 !! 'ing nnd arranging the book*. Of the eight book* of hi* 'Com- 

 mentarieiT the hut i* laid to hare been completed by Rome other 

 hand. The three book* of the ' Civil War ' were written by Cauar ; 

 but the single book* on the ' Alexandrine, African, and Spanish war*,' 

 respectively, are generally attributed to another hand, though it is not 

 at all unlikely that Crosar left the material* behind him. He wrote a 

 number of other things, the publication of which Augustus suppressed. 

 Tbe edition* of the ' Commentaries ' are very numerous ; the best is 

 that of Oudcndorp, Leiden, 1767, 4to. They bare been frequently 

 translated into Spanish, French, Kngliah, Dutch, Herman, and Italian. 

 The Greek translation of seven books of the ' GaJlic War,' attributed 

 to I'lanndes, WM first printed in Jungermann'i edition, Frankfurt, 

 1904, 4to. 



C^BSIUS BA8SUS, a Roman lyric poet, who lived in tha reign of 

 Nero and Veapaaian. Peniua addressed hi* sixth satire to him. 

 Quintilian (xi. 1 ) rpealc* of him a* perhaps next, but still very inferior 

 to Horace. The Scholiast on Persiua (Sat vi. l)*ay* that ho WM 

 burnt with bis houae in an eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Only two 

 line* of hi* poetry are preferred : one by PrUcian (z. p. 807, ed. 

 Putsch.) ; the other by Diomede* (til p. 613, ed. PuUch.). 



