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CALAMIS. 



CALAMY, EDMUND. 



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by some noble Venetians. The following year he made the tour of 

 Italy, visiting the most celebrated libraries, and collating manuscripts 

 in order to improve the text of Galen and Celsus. At Pisa he attended 

 the medical lectures of Matthaeus Curtius, and then returned home 

 through France and Germany. On his return he was incorporated 

 Doctor of Physic at Cambridge, and practised with great distinction at 

 Shrewsbury and Norwich. By the appointment of Henry VIII. he 

 read lectures on anatomy to the Company of Surgeons; but he does 

 not appear to have settled in London till a later period, when he was 

 made physician to Edward VI. He retained his appointment under 

 Mary and Elizabeth. 



In 1547 Dr. Caius became a Fellow of the College of Physicians, and 

 was ever a strenuous upholder of its rights and interests. A difference 

 having arisen between the physicians and surgeons in the reign of 

 Elizabeth as to whether the latter might administer internal remedies 

 in cases where their manual assistance was required, Dr. Caius, then 

 president, was summoned to appear before the lord mayor and others 

 of the queen's delegates. On this occasion he pleaded the physicians' 

 cause so ably that, although the surgeons were supported by the Bishop 

 of London and the Master of the Rolls, it was unanimously agreed by 

 the commissioners that it was unlawful for the surgeons to practise 

 medically in such cases. Dr. Caius was president of the College of 

 Physicians for more than seven years. He left behind him a book of 

 the college annals, from 1555 to 1572, written with his own hand in a 

 clear Latin style. Having obtained permission from Queen Mary, with 

 whom he was much in favour, to advance Gonville Hall into a college, 

 whicli still bears his name, he accepted the mastership of the college, 

 and passed the last years of his life in it. Before his death he was 

 1 to a state of great weakness ; and it appears from the following 

 quaint passage in Dr. Mouffet's ' Health's Improvement, or Rules con- 

 cerning Food,' that he attempted to sustain his flagging powers by 

 reverting to the food of infancy : "What made Dr. Caius in his last 

 sickness so peev'sh and so full of frets at Cambridge, when he sucked 

 one woman (whom I spare to name) froward of conditions and of bad 

 diet ; and, contrariwise, so quiet and well when he sucked another of 

 contrary dispositions ? Verily, the diversity of their milks and con- 

 ditions, which being contrary one to the other, wrought also in htm 

 that sucked them contrary effects." 



Dr. Cains died July 29, 1573, in the sixty-third year of his age, and 

 was buried in the cbapel of his own college. Ilia monument bears the 

 pithy inscription, ' Fui Caius.' 



The most interesting of the works of Dr. Caius is his treatise on 

 the sweating sickness. The original edition is a small black letter and 

 extremely scarce duodecimo of thirty-nine folios, ' imprinted at London 

 by Richard Grafton, printer to the kynges maiestie. Auno Do. 1552.' 

 It is entitled ' A boke, or couuseill against the disease commonly called 

 the sweate, or sweatyng sicknesse. Made by Jhon Caius, doctour in 

 phisicke.' This was intended for the public in general ; but in 1556 

 the author published it in an enlarged form, and in the Latin language, 

 under the title ' De Ephemera Britannica.' The epidemic described by 

 Caius wag that of 1551, the fifth and last of the kind. It was an 

 intense fever, of which the crisis consisted iu a profuse perspiration. 

 The death of the patient often followed two or three hours after this 

 nymptom, but if he survived the first attack of the disease twenty-four 

 hours lie was safe. 



The works of Dr. Caius are exceedingly numerous, and display his 

 talents as a critic, a linguist, a naturalist, and an antiquary, as well 

 as a physician. His original works consist of treatises 'De Medendi 

 Methodo,' ' De Ephemera Britannica,' ' De Ephemera Britannica ad 

 Populum Britannicum,' ' De Antiquitate Cantabrig. Academix,' ' De 

 Historic Cantabrig. Academic,' ' De Canibus Britaunicis,' ' De Rariorum 

 Animalium atque Stirpium Historic,' ' De Symphonid Vocum Britan- 

 nicarum,' ' De Thermis Britannicis,' ' De libris (Jaleui qui non extant,' 

 ' De Antiquis Britannia? Urbibus,' ' De Libris proprii*,' ' De Pronun- 

 ciatione Grsocae el Latiuso Linguae cum Scriptione Nova," ' De Annalibus 

 Collegii Medicinso Lond.,' 'De Annalibus Collegii Gonevilli et Caii,' 

 'Compendium Erasmi Libri de vera Theologia.' He also edited, 

 translated, and commented upon many pieces of Hippocrates, Galen, 

 and others. During his life, and for many years after his death, the 

 writings of Dr. Caius were regarded with deep veneration. Several of 

 his treatises were reprinted under the superintendence of Dr. Jebb, 

 London, 1729, 8vo; and his treatise 'De Ephemera Britannica' was 

 edited by Dr. J. F. C. Hecker, Berolini, 1833, 12mo. 



(Hutchinson, Bioyraphia Medico, ; Aikin, Biographical Memoirs 

 of Medicine in Great Britain ; Dr. J. F. C. Hecker, Ser Englische 

 Schweitt.) 



C'ALAMIS, a very celebrated Greek sculptor, of the 5th century 

 before Christ. Neither his native place nor the exact period of his 

 career ia known ; he was however contemporary with Phidias, but 

 probably his senior in years, as, according to Cicero and Quintilian, 

 who probably expressed the general opinion, notwithstanding the 

 general excellence of his works, there was a hardness in his style. He 

 worked in various styles, in marble, in bronze, and ivory, and as an 

 engraver in gold. He was also very famous for his horses, in which, 

 Pliny says, he was without a rival. 



Many works by Calamis are mentioned in ancient writers, Greek 

 and Ln+in, but one in particular claims attention ; this is the 'Apollo' 

 of the Scrvilian gardens at Rome, mentioned by Pliny, and by some 

 i. iv. vor,. u. 



supposed to be the 'Apollo Belvedere ' of the Vatican at Rome. This 

 supposition however completely sets aside the criticisms of Cicero and 

 Quintilian upon the style of Calamis, for this work, so far from being 

 hard, would be effeminately delicate for any male character below a 

 divinity. 



Calamis made two other statues of 'Apollo:' the 'Apollo Alexi- 

 totos' ('Deliverer from Evil'), which Pausanias saw at Athens ; and 

 the colossal 'Apollo,' made for the city of Apollonia in lllyricum, and 

 which, according to Strabo, was brought to Rome by Lucullus, aud 

 placed in the Capitol. Juuius and Harduin supposed that Pliny aud 

 Pausam'as speak of the same work ; but it is not at all probable that 

 a work which was in Rome in Pliny's time would be iu Athens in the 

 time of Pausanias. This inconsistency has been pointed out before; 

 but many have been misled by the opinion, and it seems to have sug- 

 gested the idea which Visconti and Flaxman have adopted, that the 

 ' Apollo Belvedere ' and the ' Apollo Alexikakos' of Calamis are the 

 same, or at least that the former is a marble copy of the bronze 

 original by Calamis. Sillig supposes that the statue mentioned by 

 Pausanias must have been of bronze, because it was placed in the 

 open air ; this does not follow however, as many of the ancient Greek 

 marbles were placed in the open air. It was dedicated in honour of 

 Apollo after the delivery of Athens from the plague, iu 01. 87. 4 

 (B.C. 429), during the Peloponnesian war. It is the latest work by 

 Calamis mentioned, and inust have been made at least three or four 

 years after the death of Phidias. His earliest work which is noticed 

 is a pair of bronze horses mounted by boys, for the triumphal car of 

 Onatas, placed by Deinomenes, the son of Hiero, at Olympia, 

 in 01. 78. 2 (B.C. 467), in commemoration of Hiero's victory at the 

 Olympic games, twelve years after the battle of Marathon. 



Lucian also, in his description of Panthea, has recourse to the aid 

 of Calamis. He takes some of Panthea's charms from a statue of 

 Sosandra by Calamis, which he mentions also iu his ' Hetaerean 

 Colloquies ' as a paragon of beauty. Many other works by Calamis 

 are mentioned by ancient writers as an ' ^Esculapius ' at Corinth, a 

 ' Victory ' at Elis, a ' Bacchus ' and a ' Mercury ' at Tauagra, a ' Venus ' 

 at Athens, ' Jupiter Ammon ' at Thebes, ' Hermione ' at Delphi, &c. 



(Pliny, Jlist. Nat,, xxxiii. 12, xxxiv. 8, xxxvi. 4; Pausanias, i. 3; 

 Lucian, Imag. 6, Dial. Meretr, iu. ; Cicero, Brutus, 18; Quintiliau, 

 Intt. Orator., xii. 10; Strabo, vii. 491; Junius, Catal. Artificum; 

 Sillig, Catal. Artificum ; Thiersch, Epochen dcr Bildenden Kunst, etc.) 



CALAMY, EDMUND, was born in London in 1600. He entered. 

 Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, at the age of fifteen, and was honourably 

 distinguished for his scholarship ; but having incurred the resentment 

 of the Arminian party by his opposition to their opinions, he was 

 disappointed in obtaining a fellowship. His conduct however attracted 

 the notice of the Bishop of Ely, Dr. Felton, who made him his 

 domestic chaplain, aud gave him the living of Swaffham Prior, in 

 Cambridgeshire. Calamy lived with the bishop till his death. Soon 

 after this event, iu 1626, he resigned his vicarage, having been 

 appointed one of the lecturers of Bury St. Edmunds. For the ten 

 years that he officiated in this capacity he ranked among the Con- 

 formists, though of that class whicli was opposed to the measures of 

 the high church party. When at length Bishop Wren's 'Articles' 

 were published, and the order for reading the ' Book of Sports ' began 

 to be enforced, he publicly declared his objections to them, and left 

 the diocese. Thirty other clergymen did the same. Soou afterwards 

 he was presented to the valuable rectory of Rochford iu Essex ; but 

 this place was so unhealthy that it brought on a quartan ague, from 

 which he never perfectly recovered, and he was compelled to quit it. 

 In 1639, being chosen minister of the church of St. Mary, Aldernmn- 

 bury, he removed to the metropolis, having separated from the 

 Church, and openly avowed his attachment to the Presbyterian dis- 

 cipline. In the contentious controversies of that period on the 

 subject of ecclesiastical affairs, Mr. Calamy bore a distinguished part. 

 His opinions against episcopacy were stated in a work, very popular in 

 its day, entitled ' Smeotymnuus,' written in answer to Bishop Hall's 

 'Divine Right of Episcopacy." This composition was the work of 

 five individuals S. Marshal, E. Calamy, T. Young, M. Newcomen, 

 and W. Spurstow the initial letters of whose names were put 

 together to form this singular title. As a preacher Mr. Calamy was 

 greatly admired, and listened to by persons of the first distinction 

 during the twenty years that he officiated in St. Mary's. His celebrity 

 was so well established by his writings, as well as by the distinguished 

 station which he occupied among the ministers in the metropolis, that 

 he was one of the divines appointed by the House of Lords in 1641 

 to devise a plan for reconciling the differences which then divided the 

 church, in relation to ecclesiastical discipline. This led to the Savoy 

 conference, at which he appeared in support of some alterations in tha 

 Liturgy, and replied to the reasons urged against them by the 

 episcopal divines. 



Like most of the Presbyterian clergy, he was averse to the execution 

 of the king, and to the usurpation of Cromwell; during whose 

 ascendancy he held himself aloof from public affairs, resisted his pro- 

 position for a single government, and did not scruple to declare 

 his attachment to the dethroned prince. Accordingly he was among 

 the foremost to encourage and promote the efforts that were made for 

 the restoration of Charles. He strongly recommended it in a sermon 

 preached before the House of Commons, on the day prior to that on 



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