fAUAUl. PAOLO. 



CAI.IOULA, CAIU8 C.ESAR. 



i: M*M 

 ls TmrtC **J 



k^A ^- Jlt^L^h^fll BM^iKAiW 4kM***m 1uk*V-wMs> In WtiljfV *^*W^MVt\l 1 V 



Mt amtTtrq (rvMiy era*) JMOOB in */ ^wwmu/ 

 *! thank CUrt.Tqa.sii>..; MM! in 1M1 IM resigned 



il<*H.iii. astd was) .tected by Sooth Carolina to the Senate 

 UM f B.IUJ Bill n. Proa UM ml of Ui term of six yar h. 

 in --nil i'. uatil PmHait TjUr in IMS appointed Urn 

 , IM hold Mil UM bette of PmkUnt Polk in 



Mtvtarr of ***** 

 IM*. UUsisvwrl 

 UM t UM MM* Ii. bad now 

 of 



I to .th greater 



Ik* r.pr..tHaUve of South Caro- 

 to b* ngutUd a* U>. great leader 

 MM Coogrw*. and noouo 

 by all partis An intense and 



fcrcid HimbllM. he wa. ret etninenUy tonsHvitiv* in spirit, a 

 SSMMB IiMI rof all Milh.ro rights, aad UM innexibl* supporter 

 of ISM JMttlrtkV of aUvrry. U general and international politics, 

 M OHMMsd* took UM popnUr, or. a* Hi. uaually termed, the patriotic 

 SMB. Be dM Man* 1,1860. MM/ of Mr. Calhonn's speeches were 

 frtrtiil i if lira i psibtkmtioo. about UM time of their delivery ; and 

 M S.I1.CNJ -Works' are now in oourse of pubUeation at Charleston 

 aad Colombia. 

 CALIA'RI. PAOLO. [CUoUAM, PAOLO.] 



UDASA isUMnssMof on* of UM most admired Indian poets. 

 Htrdly anything it known ennosraing the cirenmstenee* of hi* life. 

 A tradition, vmj p-smally Ulteved in India, make, him one of th. 

 MM MM or dHincniahe.1 poets who lived at th* court of King 

 Vwraaaditya, If by this name th. same sovereign is to b* under- 

 stand from whose reign (B.C. 64) th. yean of th. Samvat era are 

 most have flourished about the middle of the 

 : UM nmnnntinsment of our era. Another king of 

 VioramAditya ascended UM throne in A.JX 181. and a third 

 1 ; and several rrnsiilnstfmt, especially th. highly-polished 

 srjrlt in whl.-h UM work* attributed to CalidAsa are written, favour 

 UM MumitHiuu that the poet livrd under Vkram&ditya II. At all 



hi xn. 441 ; 



oar author mart b* distinguished from a poet of the tame 

 who lived in UM 1 Jth century at the court of RajA Bhoja, the 

 ifn of Dbiri. The Nalodaya, a Sanscrit poem on the nilijeet 

 of UM etorv of Mala aad DamayanU, from the M'ahabhanta, written 

 fa. an e*edinly forerd and artificial ttyle, full of rhyme, and pl.y. 

 |<OB UM eoBod of worda, to which the name of OUidata ii affixed, 



odd probably be attributed to the CilidiM of R4J4 Bh6 

 Bt bowvrer impofret our information about CAlidiw 

 MM b U* work* abundant eridence of the power ol 



L of RAJA Bhoja'* court 

 CAlidasa may be, we 

 power of his genius. 



to pronounce him the most universal, the least 

 I by national peculiarities, not merely of all Indian, but of 

 all Assess, ports with whose works we an acquainted ; and to this 

 wrsted ton. of bis mind, which while seeming to breathe the purely 

 linns sir of Greece, yH retain* ail the quickness and glow of feeling 

 all ISM liflilniss of description and imagery of the Hindoo, must, in 

 our oriaioo. b* mainly attributed the undivided admiration with 

 which UM translation of his drama, ' SacuntalA,' by Sir William Jones 

 (the tret work that mad. known th* name of CalidAsa to Europeans), 

 has besa evsrywben received. This translation appeared for the 

 Its* USM at Calcutta in 178, bat was soon nprintod in England, and 

 wa. born UM English, at an early period, retranslated into several 

 otbtr Ussraafs* of Europe. W. may particularly notice the German 

 trasMVstson by Oeorg* Ponter, who appended to it a glossary explana- 

 lory of the allusions to Indian mythology, natural history, ic. The 

 |i'l '*> * the play hss acquired on the continent is attested by 

 UM fart that vrnl attempt, have bora made to adapt it to the stage. 

 b 1M UM SsMorit text of 'SacuntalA ' was published at Paris from 



_ . to the Bibliotheque de Roi ' by the late 

 A. L. Cnosy, with an original French translation ; and upon 

 founded a iw translation into German by M. Hirxel, 

 *, fa which the various metre* of the text are 

 b 8h- William Jones'* translation and Chesy'* edition 

 UM work of Ctlida* according to the interpolated 



i. - - - - . . _ _ w t *m.T j* 



ifal. Thk discovery was made 

 in 1885, examined and 





Professorli.il. 



. - ~.~ are on* of the text pub- 

 OM of the text with a German translation 

 i anoUMr Oennn translation by E. Meier, 

 ~ . . Eaglieh translation, fa pros* and verse, by 

 WUiMM. renMiUlil. for UM accuracy of the vion 

 "' trmphy: Hertford. 1866. 



to men numeration of th. other 

 Bssid**) 'BMMrtOsV we posssw two oUvr 

 I to him Vlormmorva.l, 1 founded upon M 

 ?L 1 Z~ U '*J%* JurftravM and Uml, a 

 J by H. H. Wilson m his 'Hindu Theatre;' 

 -a fa 18*0, and critically reditod with a 

 -fcrUsJi, Brriin, 18*8, 4to; and again with a German 

 by BiilMnsiB, (M. Petenbuft, 1844); aiHPbhurUuam >. ' 

 Myetmoditod. Th.'Mcgha 

 I poom of only 110 stansnaTeonti 



ftoj byl 



j) eompUinte 



a paesing clood to oonvey 



toUswifa. Hws-editedwithatfwidation 

 and with notes by H. H. Wilson, Calcutta, 1818. 

 - 1841 : .dOm*. i^n^Tv.^ 



publUhed by Hrs*l, Zurich, 1846; and by Max Miiller, th. present 

 profMSor of modern languages at Oxford, Konigsberg, 1847. Th<- 

 Ras;bu Vanaa' is a narrative poeui in celebration of the family of 

 rUgtm, in which Rama, the hero of th* RAmAyana, and as the incar- 

 nation of Vishnu an object of groat veneration with the Hindoos, was 

 born : it has been edited with a Latin translation by Stenxler, London, 

 1881, 4to, and with a Sanscrit prose paraphrase by the pundits of Fort 

 William at Calcutta, 1838, 8vo. The ' Cumara Sambbava ' is another 

 pic poem designed to celebrate the birth of Cumara, the son of 

 Parvsti ; but it closes with ParvatTa wedding. An edition and trans- 

 lation of this work by Stenxler wa* published under the auspices of 

 the London Oriental Translation Fund st Berlin in 1838. Part of 

 the first canto i* given in Sanscrit and English, and with interesting 

 annotations, by (w. Ix-Here) the Rev. Dr. Mill of Calcutta, in the 



Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for July, 1833, pp. 329-358 

 A abort didactic poem on prosody, exhibiting the mot common sorts 

 of metre, and called ' SrutabMha,' is likewise attributed to GUidisa 

 a* well a* two or three other short piece*. 



CALl'OULA, CAIUS CAESAR, the fourth of the Roman emperors, 

 aon of Oermanicus and Agrippina, wa* born A.D. 12 in a Roman camp, 

 in what place i* not agreed, though Suetonius would seem to show that 

 he was born at Antium. He wa* brought up among the soldiers, and 

 i* beat known by a nickname mid to have been given him by those 

 associate*. The word ' caligula ' i* derived from ' caliga,' a kind of 

 ahoe which was worn by the common soldiers, and which he frequently 

 wore himself in order to gain their aflVctious. (Tacit, 'Ann.,' i. 41, 69.) 

 The training and education which would have been suited to his rank 

 appear to have been neglected. Caligula early devoted himself to 

 observing th. feelings and courting the favour of Tiberius, ami by 

 artful and unremitting attentions he so far succeeds,! iu ingratiating 

 himself with the emperor that he was soon promoted to responsible 

 office* of state. The uncertainty of succession which followed the 

 death of Tiberius, who was put to death probably by one of Caligula'* 

 favourites (Tacit, ' Ann.,' vi. CO), together with the general popularity 

 which Caligula himself enjoyed, afforded him a favourable opportunity 

 of succeeding to the sovereign power ( A.D. 37). HU government began 

 well, and with symptoms of great clemency ; he set at liberty all the 

 state-prisoners, discouraged informers, aud promised the senate that 

 he would act with the utmost moderation : he augmented the power* 

 of the magistrates, and at least apparently curtailed his own. Soon 

 afterwards lie assumed the consulship, and chose for his colleague his 

 uncle Claudius. During his consulship Caligula gave many instances 

 of mildneas and generosity; among other thing* he restored the 

 kingdom of Commageue, which Tiberius bad reduced to a Roman 

 province, to Autiochus, son of the former king. After about right 

 mouths he fell ill, aud the utmost anxiety was shown iu inquiring for 

 his health. His recovery was hailed with joy. Hi* conduct however 

 wa* loon changed. Caligula became addicted to intemperance, volup- 

 tuousness, and cruelty, and his extravagance knew no bounds. He 

 took upon himself the highest title* of honour, and even had temples 

 erected and sacrifice* offered to him a* a god. It seems probable that 

 hi* grandmother Autouia died by his orders. According to Dion 

 Caasius, he frequently visited the prisons in person, and ordered all 

 the captive*, untried, guilty, or not, to be thrown to wild beast*. 

 Sometimes he would order a number of the spectators to be seixed 

 and thrown among them, after having had their tongue* cut out, that 

 their erica might not interrupt his ferocious delight Old age aud 

 weakness rather attracted than averted his cruelty. Ue even put to 

 death Macro, who had been the means of his elevation, and his wife 

 with him. His lust was as excessive as his cruelty. A favourite horse, 

 Incitatus, ho fed with gilt oats and delicious wines ; he appointed him 

 a great number of attendant*, and treated him with the most absurd 

 attentions. He erected a bridge over the sea from Baue to Puteoli, on 

 which he rode along, enjoying tho sight of numbers of persons drowning 

 under his order. He made great preparations for a war against the 

 German*, and crossed the Rhine with a large army, but returned 

 without having seen a tingle enemy. Ho invaded and plundered Gaul, 

 banished hi* sisters Agrippina and Livio, pretended that he was going 

 to invade Britain, but returned after he bad got a few miles out to 

 sea, and then on his arriving in Rome contented himself with an 

 ovation. It is said that Caligula had a design to destroy thu work* of 

 Homer, Virgil, and Uvy. 



BrltUh Muwum. Actu.-.l lizo. Riotuc. Weight 450 grains. 



