33 



CALIPPUS. 



CALLCOTT, JOHN WALL. 



After a reign of three years, ten months, and eight days, and in the 

 twenty-ninth year of his age, Caligula was murdered by a band of 

 conspirators, headed by Cassius Chserea, a tribune, A.D. 41. (Sueton. 

 in fit., c. 69.) The character of this emperor is pretty accurately given 

 by Seneca ( De Ird '), when he says that nature seems to have intended 

 to show in the instance of Caligula how much harm can be done by 

 the greatest vices leagued with the greatest power. Perhaps the true 

 explanation of his proceedings is that he was insane. Caligula had 

 several wives, but he left no children behind him. The medal which 

 is here given contains on the reverse the names of his three sisters 

 Agrippina (afterwards the wife of her uncle the Emperor Claudius), 

 Drusilla, and Jslia, who is called Livia or Livilla by Suetonius. (Dion 

 Cassius, pp. 694, 717-763, H. Stephens, 1592.) 



CALIPPUS, author of the CALIPPIC PERIOD. Calippus, of Cyzicus, 

 lived about B.c. 330. He is said to have been a disciple of Plato. He 

 ol served at the Hellespont, and is said to have detected the error of 

 the Metonie cycle by means of a lunar eclipse which happened six 

 years before the death of Alexander. Very little more is known of 

 him, and that little not worth stating. 



The meaning of the 'Calippic period' may be briefly stated as 

 follows. Suppose a perfectly central eclipse of the moon to a spectator 

 ak the earth's centre, that is, suppose the centres of the sun and 

 moon, and the junction of the moon's orbit with the ecliptic, or the 

 node, to be all at the same point of the visible heavens. The revo- 

 lutions of these three points, the sun's centre, tha moon's centre, and 

 the moon's node, would then begin, and a whole cycle of eclipses would 

 take place, in a manner depending upon the relative motions of the 

 three, until such time as the same phenomenon, namely, the central 

 lunar eclipse, again happened at the same node. After this, the cycle 

 of eclipses would recommence in the same order, because all the cir- 

 cumstances of motion on which eclipses depend are recommencing. 

 Thus if the second-hand of a watch were mounted on the same pivot 

 as the minute and hour hand, they would all be together at 12 o'clock, 

 and all the po.-sible phases (appearances) which their relative positions 

 could present would be completed in twelve hours, and then begin 

 again. Next it is evident that though such a coincidence of eun, 

 moon, and moon's node never take place, tha period elapsed between 

 two epochs at which the three are very near to each other will present 

 a succession of eclipses which will nearly be repeated, that is, with 

 nearly the same circumstances, in the next such period. 



The cycle of Melon was composed of 235 lunations, or periods from 

 new moon to new moon, containing a very little more than 255 revo- 

 lutions from a node to the tame node again, about 254 complete 

 sidereal revolutions of the moon, and 6940 days, or a few hours more 

 than 19 years. This may be called a first approximation, and it is 

 still sufficiently exact for finding Easter. 



Calippus observed that a more correct period might be formed by 

 taking four times the period of Melon, all but one day, or 27,759 days, 

 or very nearly 76 years. This period contains 940 complelo lunations, 

 1020 nodal revolutions, and 1016 complete sidereal revolutions; all 

 very nearly. The Calippic cycle is Iherefore four Metonie cycles, all 

 but one day. The analogy with the common and leap year will fix this 

 in Ihe memory. Calippus began lo reckon his cycles from Ihe new moon 

 next following the summer solstice of the year B.C. 330, being the 

 commencement of the third year of the 112th Olympiad, A.u.c. 423, 

 Julian period 4384, era of Nabonassar 418. 



CALIXTUS, or KALLISTUS I., one of the early bishops of Rome, 

 succeeded Zephyrinus A.D. 219, and died in 223. Litlle is known 

 about him ; some say he suffered martyrdom, but this is doubted by 

 others. One of the Roman catacomb?, or subterraneous cemeteries, 

 was named after him. 



CALIXTUS II., son of William, Count of Burgundy, succeeded in 

 the see of Rome Oelasius II. in 1119, and died in 1124. 



CALIXTUS III., ALONZO BORJA, a Spaniard and bishop of 

 Valencia, was made pope after the death of Nicholas V. in 1455. He 

 endeavoured to form a general league of the Christian princes against 

 the Turks, in order to save Constantinople. He died in 1458, and 

 was succeeded by Pius IL Calixtus was maternal uncle to Roderic 

 Lenzoli Borja, whom he made cardinal, and who became afterwards 

 Pope Alexander VI. 



There was another Calixtus, an antipope, who assumed the title of 

 Cnlixtus III. in the schism against Pope Alexander III. in the 12th 

 century, but afterwards submitted and resigned his claim. 



CALKOEN VAN BEEK, JAN FREDERIK, was born May 5th, 

 1772, at Qroningen, in Holland. He studied at Amsterdam, and after- 

 wards at Utrecht, where he remained seven years, at first applying 

 himself to theology, but subsequently to mathematics and astronomy. 

 He afterwards spent some time at the universities of Qbttingen, Leip- 

 zig, and Jena, and also visited the observatories of Qotha and Berlin. 

 In 1799 he was appointed professor extraordinary of astronomy and 

 mathematics in the university of Leyden, and in 1804 he became the 

 ordinary professor. In the following year he accepted the same pro- 

 fessorship in the university of Utrecht. As one of the commission 

 for examining into the weights and measures of Holland, his services 

 were considered of such importance as to receive the public thanks of 

 Louis Bonaparte, the king; and when the National Institute of 

 Holland was established, he became one of the first members. He 

 died March 25, 1811. He published a treatise in Latin on the machines 



and other contrivances of the aucients for the measurement of time, 

 and an ' Onderzoek naar den Oorsprong van den Mozaishen en 

 Christelijken Godsdienst' ('Inquiry into the Origin of the Mosaic 

 and Christian Religion '), which work was written as a refutation of 

 the treatise of Dupuis entitled ' Origine de tous les Cultes." 



CALLCOTT, SIR AUGUSTUS WALL, R.A., was born at Ken- 

 sington in 1779, and died in the same place in the close of the year 

 1844, aged sixty-five. He was the brother of the distinguished 

 composer, Dr. Callcott, and he himself in early life officiated for several 

 years in the choir of Westminster Abbey under Dr. Cooke. He how- 

 ever preferred painting to music, and for some time pursued both 

 studies together, until the success of a portrait which he painted 

 under the tuition of Hoppner, in 1799, and which he exhibited, led 

 him to the final choice of painting as his profession. Very little expe- 

 rience however showed him that portrait was not suited to his taste, 

 and in 1803 he devoted himself exclusively to the practice of landscape- 

 painting. 



Callcott was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1807, 

 and a member in 1810. For his diploma-picture, he presented a 

 beautiful painting called ' Morning.' In 1837 he was knighted by the 

 Queen; and at the death of Mr. Seguier in 1844, he was appointed 

 his successor as Conservator of the Hoyal pictures ; he however held 

 this office for a very short time. He died November 25, 1844, and was 

 buried on the 30th of November in Keusal Green Cemetery, where 

 his wife, Lady Callcott, had been buried two years previously. 



For many years Callcott was a steaHy and large contributor to the 

 exhibitions of the Royal Academy. His landscapes were generally of 

 small dimensions, and all very similar in style ; but most of them are 

 extensive as views, extremely quiet in character, and strictly belong 

 to the beautiful as a class. He was less extensive in his distances 

 than Claude, but more defined; in his fore-grounds he was more 

 correct and natural than Claude, except in the foliage, especially of 

 large trees; in colour he was perfectly true and natural. By his 

 admirers he was sometimes designated the English Claude. Like 

 those of his prototype, his works are perhaps more frequently original 

 characteristic pictures of certain scenery, as ' Italy,' ' Morning,' 

 'Evening,' &c., than mere views of particular localities. Many of 

 his pictures have their titles from the occupation of a few figures 

 introduced into them, as ' Returning from Market," ' Waiting for the 

 Passage-Boat,' ' The Ferry,' &c. He painted also some marine pieces. 

 In 1833 he had in the exhibition a beautiful picture called ' Harvest 

 in the Highlands,' in which the figures were painted by E. Landseer, 

 R.A. : this picture has been admirably engraved by Wilmore for 

 presentation to the subscribers to the Art-Union for 1856. In 1837 

 Callcott departed from his usual style and exhibited a picture of 

 ' Raffaelle and the Fornarina,' which attracted considerable notice, and 

 was selected by the directors of the London Art-Union to be engraved 

 by L. Stocks for circulation among the subscribers for the year 1843. 

 The success of this piece seems to have induced the painter to attempt 

 a work on a much larger scale in the same style. He exhibited in 

 1840 a picture of ' Milton dictating to his Daughters,' in which the 

 figures were about the size of life ; the attempt was however a failure ; 

 the composition was extremely meagre and commonplace, and the 

 figures, especially one of the daughters, were ill-drawn. However, as 

 a landscape-painter, Callcott has earned a reputation which will ensure 

 his name an honourable place among the beat recent painters in that 

 department of the art. 



LADY CALLCOTT was the widow of Captain Graham, R.N., and was 

 married to Sir Augustus in 1827. She was born in 1788 : her maiden 

 name was Mary Dundas. She was the daughter of Captain Duiidas, 

 and was married early in life to Captain Graham, with whom she 

 went to India in 1809. She remained in India two years, and visited 

 during that period many of the most remarkable places in that 

 country, and published an account of her travels after her return 

 home. She published at a later period two works relating to Italy, 

 where she dwelt for some time, ' Three Months in the Environs of 

 Rome,' and ' Memoirs of Poussin.' In 1821 she embarked with her 

 husband for South America, but Captain Graham died during the 

 voyage, and was buried at Valparaiso. 



After her second marriage she paid another visit to Italy, in the 

 company of Sir Augustus, and turned her attention particularly to 

 art. In 1836 she published her last literary work, under the title 

 ' Essays towards the History of Painting,' which, notwithstanding an 

 unfortunate corruption of names, partly due to the old translation of 

 Pliny by Philemon Holland, and a few other inaccuracies, 13 a very 

 creditable popular performance. 



(Art-Union Journal, 1843-45; Catalogues of the Exhibitions of the 

 Royal Academy ; Waagen, Kuntlwerke und Kiinstla- in England.) 



CALLCOTT, JOHN WALL, one of the brightest ornaments of the 

 British school of music, was born in 1766, at Kensington, where his 

 father carried on the business of a builder. At the age of seven he 

 was entered as day-boarder in a neighbouring school, where he made 

 such progress that he commenced reading the Greek Testament in his 

 twelfth year, when family affairs occasioned his removal, from which 

 period, great and various as were his acquirements, he was self- 

 educated, a circumstance to which, probably, the vigour of his 

 unshackled mind may be attributed. Music, at first his amusement, 

 accidentally became his profession, instead of surgery, for which he 



