CALLIMACHTO 



H 



"-"- -y -* 1 "- 



** r......lT. soaoMity.that b. at 



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iln-tf 10 thai of aanaojiy. UK etody of wakh t. pro-cuUj lUiout 



of 



the 



:he Mart; r. Queeo Square ; and at 

 hb'nrs* attempt fai UM ooupoaition of lbt 

 _ UM OU& ! 17W, when only nineteen pan 

 a. a candidate for UM prise* annually given by 

 Md obUiiMd Urn* out of the four gold medal*. 

 ssfal psosas waa thai masterly composition, ' Ob I 

 of UM wfllhw sooL' Tho* eooonnfed, lw followed up with 

 artor awl iadostry the OOVTM ao aoapieiooaly *gun. and in tb 

 Mm !! in jmi-. trr-T I*- 1 - -* " ---- -M^-,-.-!.-. .^.ty 

 wr> ar UJ to him. 



ID ITU Mr C*llcott waa admitted bachelor ID music by tiie 

 Oxford. In 17-7 be -wUd in forming UM Glee-Club. 



U 17 b* took advaatafe of UM arriral of Haydn In tbii country. 

 euierabU knowledge in UM 



eWiv 





i higher branch of inatru- 

 that illustrious musician. Ha advanced to 



UM defi* of doctor IB-OIUM at Oxford, in 1790 ; Mi exercise WM a 

 Ut.a mout, aaUrted from Isaiah, beginning ' Proptor Sion uon 

 teobo Hii Musical ( i run our ' appeared In 1805. About the year 

 isod. ho uadertook to deliver lecture, on miuio at the Royal Inatitu- 

 tfoa. taek " moet of all others suited to hU studies and gratifying: 

 to bit amUiioo : bat UM Tery anxiety he felt to execute the duty in 

 innrr worthy of himeelf, rendered hi. hopea futile, and Li. effort* 

 UMvaUiac. Hi* mind, long overstrained, now aank at once under the 

 hotdea* In had ao unsparingly laid on it, and he became incompetent 

 to UM fulfilment of any of hia engagement*." After a secliuion of 

 tie yean, be rallied for a Urn*, and by avoiding all severe study or 

 eccrtiag occupation, afforded hope* to hia friends that hi. mental 

 |K>OS wers penneaenllj restored. This gleam however luted but 

 Uirw yean, when be wae once more ataailed by the moat woful of 

 lusaaa caUdM., aad never recovered. He died in Hay 1821. 

 Tb prodootioos of ton original and ingenious eumpoeer are too 



.:>d indeed loo well known, to be particularised here : the 

 of them ware, in 1824, collected and published in two band- 



tea, by hia son-in-law, Mr. Honley. Dr. Callcott left a 

 and two eons. One of the latter has attained 

 in his father, art. 



.ley. JfeaMir of l>r. Callfott ; and llamumicm, ix. S3.) 



, JOIIAX.VHKIXUK H. was born January 12, 

 l*l. ! UM principality of Saxe-Uotba. He studied at the university 

 of Halle, aad was appointed professor of philosophy in 1727, and 

 ' ear of theology in 1789. At UM period when ho became pro- 

 of aMtosophy there was a very strong ferling among the members 



ofUM 



of UM Moh. 



in favour of missions to the East, for the 

 medan* and other inhabitants of thoie coun- 



trie* to Christianity. Callenberg, himself a Protestant with very 

 " low sentiments, entered into these views with great 

 sad being a man of property, established, at his own 

 a bis owa premises, a printing-office for the publication 

 i la Arabia and Hebrew, for the furtherance of the missionary 

 Maw, Here were printed translation* into Arabic of portions of the 

 old Testament, the whole of the New Testament, Luther's S- 

 Csrtonaism. tho 'Imitation of Jesus Christ' (somewhat curtailed), 

 portwo. of Urotius on the 'Truth of the Cbrutian luligiou, the 

 'Bailiaiente of UM Arabic Language,' aad other works necessary for 

 UKM* who as saMcejarias in the Beat had to communicate with many 

 notion stiaiHat that langnag.. He was abo anxious for the conv.-r- 

 awa of UM Jewe to Christianity, and with that view wrote a ' Kurze 

 AaUrto&K aw Judwch Tevtcbeo Spracbe' (Short Introduction to the 

 oath of UM Oemoa-Jews), Svo, I7JS. to which he added in 1736 a 

 fort dkaionarv of the corrupt Hebrew spoken among themselvi. by 

 ISM Jew* of Germany, UM former work being an elementary grammar 

 of the BUM apeedL He eoofcoued his labours in writing, translating, 



(rw of UM work* whk 



OfUM 



-J-ie* till his 



July 10. 170. We have merely indicated a 

 laraed from his prcm, A full notice of them 

 paee. The/ were all directed to the promotion 

 to which, with Indefatigable seal, he devoted 

 CalWaberg wrote in German two works, in 

 which bad been 

 the 



LET. JK.v 'lbon> at~Ver.uiarOctober 25, 1744. 



.^Mh-r was staled by a boilr tradition to have been of tbe 

 aMb of Dee Cartaa, Bo oarno to Part* in 178; ml78 be publUbod 

 k- **; aordinVe loiartthu . in octevo, In 178 he was mad., 

 r of htdrefraphjr at Vaaoea, and afterward, at Dunkirk. He 

 " Part* ID 17M, and was Profoawir dm 



UM laasejl. of hbUfc. C^UeU*rg wroU b Oermu, two works, 

 OM of wUca he gine a deUiled aooount of UM means which bad b 

 a*4 to oswforl UM Jews to Chriatisnitr, and in the other of 

 jatiirs or UM a>Uoiooariee among the Mohammedan.. 



. 

 of this pUos, be 



a pritato toachor of 



U 1795 he pnblisbed his stereotyped logarithms, with table* of 

 logarithmic sines for the new decimal division of the circle, tlw first 

 which bad then appeared. He died November 14, 1798. (LaUnde, 



*. Astron./ p. 806.) 



The but logarithms of Callet (' Tables portative* de Lognrithmes,' 

 Paris, Kinnin Didot, 1705) are still in general use, and are very con- 

 venient in many reapecU. The logarithms of numbers are arranged 

 ao that when the third figure changes, the line in which tho remaining 

 bur figure* are placed falls, so that the latter are opposite to their 

 correct preceding figures. The logarithmic sine., &c., are to every 

 ten seconds, tfifjfrn" 1 as usual, the first five degrees being to every 



CALLICRATTOAS, a Spartan officer who was appointed to succeed 

 Lyaander in the oommnnd of the Peloponnesian fleet in tho JSgean 

 Sea, B.C. 406, at the beginning of the twenty-fourth year of the Pelo- 

 poonesian war. Of simple, straight-forward character, he was no 

 match for Lysandrr and his friends in the arts of intrigue ; ami they 

 used their best endeavours to perplex bis plans and frustrate all his 

 operations. So far as the caballing of his officer* was concerned, be 

 p>t over the difficulty by putting the simple qnention whether they 

 preferred that he should retain the command, or that he should sail 

 borne, and relate at Sparta the condition in which he fouiid things ? 

 for none durst stand the chance of accusation at home. But for the 

 pay of hi. fleet he was dependent upon Cyrus, the Persian cotnni 

 in-chief of the king's forces in western Asia Minor ; and when he went 

 to that prince at Sardis to obtain a supply of money, he was so dis- 

 justtd by Asiatic prido, and ceremony, and dilatorimw, tliat, 1 

 the object of his journey unaccomplished, he returned to Miletus, 

 saying that the Greeks were indeed miserable thua to cringe to barba- 

 rians for their money, and that if he lived to return home he would 

 do bis best to reconcile the Athenians and the Lacedemonians. Having 

 obtained a sum upon loan, he sailed to Lesbos, and took Mcthymue 

 by as-ault The town was given up to pillage. Collicratidas was 

 urged to sell the citizens for slaves, according to the usual practice of 

 Greek warfare ; but he replied, that while he had the comuinud no 

 Grecian citizen should be made a slave. This liberal sentiment how- 

 ever did not influence him in regrd to the Athenians ; for Xeuophon 

 [if thcro U no error in the text) rays in the next line that the Athenians 

 who formed the garrison were sold. (See the note of F. A. Wolff on 

 this passage.) 



After this success Callicratidas met Conon, the Athenian commander, 

 at sea, attacked him, gained a victory, and blockaded him in the 

 harbour of Mitylene. Intelligence of this arriving at Athens, a power- 

 ful fleet of 110 ships was equipped and manned within the space of 

 thirty days, and sent to the relief of Conon. Callicratidas left 50 

 ships to maintain the blockade, and with only 120 advanced to meet 

 the enemy, whoe number was increased by reinforcements from the 

 allied states to 150 and upwards. The fleets met between Lesbos and 

 the main land, near the small islands called Arginus:i.\ I In mun, tho 

 master of Cullicratidas's ship, recommended the Spartan commander 

 to retreat without hazarding a battle. He replied, that if hu w. n: 

 dead Sparta would be no worse off; but that it was base to fly. The 

 battle was long and doubtful, but ended in the complete defeat of the 

 Lacedemonians, with the loss of 70 ships. Callicratidas perished in 

 it, being thrown overboard by the shock of his own ship against cue 

 of the enemy. (Xenophon, ' Hellenics,' lib. i. c. 6.) 



CALLl'MACiiUS, a celebrated Greek sculptor of uncertain age, 

 but probably of about the time of Phidias. He was apparently an 

 Athenian, though some claim him for Corinth, because h is recorded by 

 Vitruvius as the inventor of the Corinthian capital Callimachus is, 

 on the other hand, supposed to have been of Athens, from a report 

 noticed by Vitruvius, and in part by Pliny, and Pausauias, that the 

 Athenians wed to call him Catatechnos, KaTdVixros, because of the 

 elegancy and refinement of his style, or rather Catatexitechnos, 

 KaTOT7){iTxKot, according to the emendation of Sillig, (following the 

 reading of one or two manuscripts) signifying one who weakens or 

 effeminates an art, in allusion to the excexsivo finish by which ho 

 greatly injured the effect and value of bis works. Pliny calls him the 

 calumniator of himsulf, and says that he never knew when to leave off 

 finiihing bis works ; the same fault was found with Protogenes. 



If Callimachus invented tho Corinthian capital, this circumstance 

 enables us, as Winckolmaun bas observed, in some degree to fix hi time. 

 It must have been before the 95th Olympiad, about 400 &.< 

 Scopas then erected a temple of Minerva, according to Pautanias, with 

 column* of the Corinthian order at Tegea; but it was probably not 

 much earlier than that date, as his style was so elaborate and fin 

 There U a bas-relief in the capitol at Rome, with KoAAipaxoc rroiti 

 engraved upon it, which rrpretenU a dance of three bacchantes and a 

 fawn ; and some have, with little probability, supposed this to be the 

 same work which Pliny notices as a dance of Spartan virgins by 

 Cullimachus. 



i A 1. 1. I'M A< '11 1'S, a Greek poet, was at the bright of his reputation 

 ."ifter the time of the first Punic war, 284 11.1 . (Aul. <;:!.. 

 1, II ) We learn from Suidas tho following particulars re- 

 specting him. He was the son of Uftttus and Mesatma, was born at 

 Cyrene, and studied under Hermocrates of lasus. His wife was tho 

 daughter of one Euphrates, a Syracusan ; he had a sister called 

 who married one Stascnor ; the offspring of this marriage 



