37 



CALLISTHENES. 



CALOQIERA, ANGELO. 



was a son, who bore the game name as his uncle, and wrote an epic 

 poem on islands. Callimachus, before he was taken into favour by 

 Ptolemy Philadelphia, by whom he was highly honoured (Strabo, p. 

 838), kept a Bchool in a quarter of Alexandria called Eleusis, and had 

 among his pupils Eratosthenes, Aristophanes of Byzantium, the cele- 

 brated grammarian, and Apollonius of Rhodes, the author of the 

 'Argonautics.' He was alive when Ptolemy Euergetes ascended the 

 throne in B.C. 247. 



It appears from an epigram attributed to Callimachus (Jacob's 

 'AnthoL Palat,' vol. i. p. 466) that his grandfather's name was also 

 Callimachus ; and the assertion of Suidas, that he was the son of 

 Battus, is perhaps merely an inference from his epithet Battiades, 

 which may be explained from the fact that he believed himself 

 descended from the founder of Cyrene (Strabo, p. 837). Of his 

 numerous writings only some hymns and epigrams remain. Of his 

 lost works, which are most quoted, we may mention his ' Hecale,' a 

 long poem (on which we refer our readers to the learned papers by 

 Nake in the 'Rheinisches Museum,' ii. 4, and iii. 4); his historical 

 Memorials, which are also attributed to Zenodotus (' Athen." iii. p. 95); 

 a ' Treatise on Birds,' also quoted by Athenoms ; and a ' List of all 

 kinds of Writings ' (iriVo^ irat>To$airiot> avyypaf^fuirwf), which consisted 

 of 120 books; so that he doubtless merited the epithet ' well informed ' 

 (roAwVTwp), given him by Strabo (p. 438). He wrote an invective 

 under the name of 'Ibis' against his scholar Apollonius, who had 

 offended him, and the title was subsequently adopted by Ovid for a 

 satirical poem of the same kind. As we might expect from the age 

 an*d employments of Callimachus, his remaining poems display much 

 more of grammatical art than of poetical imagination, although they 

 are not without that kind of beauty which is the result of much labour 

 and learning. The first edition of the Hymns of Callimachus was by 

 John Lascaris, Florence, 4to., probably printed about A.D. 1500 : this 

 edition is printed in capital letters. The latest editions are that by 

 Blomfield, 8vo, Lond. 1815 ; and a small edition by Volger, Leipzig, 

 1817, 8vo. 



CALLI'STHENES. [ALEXANDER IIL] 



CALLI'STRATUS, a Roman jurist, who was writing under the 

 joint reign of Severus and Antoninus (1. tit 19, 8. 8 ; 49. tit. 14, s. 3), 

 by whom are meant Septimius Severus and his son Antoninus Cara- 

 calla. Severus died A.D. 211. Lampridius (' Alexander Severus/ 68), 

 mentions a Callistratus as one of the Council of the Emperor Alexander 

 Severus ; and this may be the Callistratus under notice. 



Callistratus is one of the Juri-ts from whose writings Justinian's 

 'Digest' was compiled: the works of Callistratus from which the 

 excerpts in the 'Digest' are taken, were six books 'De Cognitionibus;' 

 six books of the ' Edictum Monitorium ;' four books on the 'Jus Fisci ;' 

 three books of ' Institutiones;' two books of ' Qutestiones.' It appears 

 from ' Institutions ' being mentioned as one of the works of Callis- 

 tratus, that he was one of those Roman jurists who wrote institutional 

 treatises, such as Oaius. 



CALLOT, JACQUES, an eminent engraver, was born at Nanci, in 

 1 592, of a family recently ennobled. His father discountenancing his 

 choice of a profession, he fled from home in order to make his way 

 to Rome, the capital of the fine arts. Falling in with a troop of 

 gipsies, he travelled in their company as far as Florence, where a 

 gentleman, pleased with his ingenuous ardour, placed him with an 

 artist to study ; but he soon left him for Rome. At Rome he met 

 lome acquaintances of his family, who compelled him to return home. 

 He ran away a second time, and was a second time brought back, by 

 bis elder brother, whom he met at Turin. During his youthful 

 adventures, as the story goes, his morals were preserved uncorrupted, 

 by his constant prayer that he might grow up a good man, excel in 

 his profession, and live to the age of forty-three. He set out a third 

 time, with his father's tardy concurrence, and studied for a long time 

 at Rome. On his way homewards he was detained for many years by 

 Cosmo II. After the death of his patron he returned to Nanci, 

 married, and fixed his residence among his friends. He- acquired 

 considerable wealth, and his fame was such that he was invited to 

 witness and perpetuate the events of the siege of Breda, and afterwards 

 the sieges of Rochulle and Rhe' ; but he declined to commemorate the 

 subsequent capture of his native place, and likewise refused a pension 

 and lodging at Paris, offered to him by Louis XIII. He died March 

 28, 1635, of complaints incidental to the practice of his art. 



Callot possessed a lively and fertile invention, and he had a singular 

 power of enriching a small space with a multitude of figures and 

 actions. He engraved both with the burin and the needle ; but by 

 far bis best works are free etchings, touched with the burin, delicately 

 executed and sometimes wonderfully minute. There is a want of 

 unity and breadth of effect in some of his larger engravings ; indeed, 

 he never icema to have acquired mastery over the graver, and en- 

 graved even fewer pictures than most of bis profession, working 

 chiefly from original designs. His principal works are the ' Sieges,' 

 above-mentioned, the ' Miseries of War,' certain ' Festivities at 

 Florence,' and a set of Capricci. He painted a few pictures, but 

 they are extremely rare ; they are of small size on copper, and 

 painted with almost excessive neatness. Vandyck painted his portrait, 

 which has been engraved by Boulouais and Voatermann. (Felibien ; 

 Perrault ; De Haldat, Ac.) 



CALMET, AUGUSTINE, was born at Mesnil-la-Horgne, near 



Commercy, in the modern department of the Meuse, on February 6th, 

 1672. He received the first rudiments of his education at the priory 

 of Breuil ; studied rhetoric at Pont-Jl-Musson ; and afterwards entered 

 the Benedictine abbey of Mansuy, in the Fauxbourg of Toul, where he 

 took the vows in 1689. Greek, Hebrew, philosophy, and divinity 

 engrossed his time until 1704, when he was appointed sub-prior at the 

 abbey of Munster, in which he appears to have diligently pursued his 

 biblical studies. In 1707 he published in French the first volume of 

 his commentaries upon the Bible. In 1715 he purchased the priory 

 of St. Lay from the Abbd Morel, the king's almoner, for a pension of 

 3000 livres, and three years afterwards he was appointed abbi5 of 

 St. Leopold of Nanci. His priory of St. Lay was surrendered by him 

 when, in 1723, he was chosen abb4 of Sdnones, and he then also 

 declined the title of bishop ' in partibus infidelium,' which was offered 

 to him by Pope Benedict XIII., at the suggestion of the college of 

 cardinals. He died in his abbey on the 25th of October 1757, greatly 

 esteemed both for learning and for moderation. The following is a 

 list of his principal works : ' Commentaire Litteral sur tous leg livrea 

 de 1'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament," 1707-16, in 23 vols. 4to, 

 Reprinted in Paris 1713, 26 vols. 4to, and 9 vols. fol. ; and abridged 

 in 14 vols. 4to. Rondet published a new edition of this abridgement. 

 Avignon, 1767-73, 17 vols. 4to. The Dissertations and Prefaces belong- 

 ing to his Commentary were published with 19 new Dissertations, 

 Paris, 1720, 2 vols. 4to. ' Histoire de 1'Ancieu et du Nouveau Testa- 

 ment," intended as an introduction to Fleury's ' Ecclesiastical History," 

 2 and 4 vols. 4to, and 5 and 7 vols. 12mo. ' De la Poesie et Musique 

 des Anciens Hebreux," Amsfc 1723, 8vo. ' Dictionnaire Historique, 

 Critique, et Chronologique de la Bible, enrichi d'uu grand nombre de 

 figures en taille douce qui representent les antiquities Judaiques.' 

 ' Dictionnaire de la Bible," &c., 2 vols. 4to, Paris, 1722. ' Supplement 

 a ce Dictionnaire,' 2 vols. 4to, Paris, 1728. Reprinted in 4 vols. 4to, 

 Paris, 1730. This very valuable work was translated into English, 

 under the title ' Historical, Geographical, Critical, Chronological, and 

 Etymological Dictionary of the Holy Bible." To which is added 

 ' Bibliotheca Sacra," or a catalogue of the best editions of the Bible, 

 and commentaries upon it translated by J. D. Oyley and J. Calson, 

 with cuts, London, 1732, 3 vols. folio. Three or four more recent 

 English versions founded upon this, but having various notes and 

 additions, have been since published in London : perhaps the best is 

 that published under the editorial care of Mr. I. Taylor. ' Histoire 

 ecclesiastique et civile de la Lorraine depuis 1'entre'e de Jules Cesar 

 dans les Gaules jusqu" a la mort de Charles V. Duo de Lorraine ; avec 

 les pieces justificatives a la fin," Nancy, 1728, 4 vols. fol. Reprinted 

 1745 in 5 vols. fol. ' Bibliotheque des Ecrivains de Lorraine," 1751, 

 folio. 'Histoire Universelle Sacr^e et Profane," 15 vols. 4to. This 

 undertaking Calmet did not live to finish, and, in other respects, it is 

 not his best work. ' Dissertations sur les Apparitions des Anges, des 

 Demons, et des Esprits, et sur les Revenans et Vampires de Hongrie,' 

 Paris, 1746, 12ino; Einsiedlen, 1749, 12tno; Paris, 1751, 2 vols. 12rno. 

 Translated and published in English in 1759, 8vo. ' Commentaire 

 Litt<Sral, Historique, et Moral, sur la Regie de St. Benoit," 1754, 2 vols. 

 4to. Pethaps the most useful of Calraet's works, certainly the one 

 most familiar to the English reader is the ' Dictionary of the Bible." 

 All his works indeed are replete with learning, but should be read 

 with some degree of caution. Calmet was deeply imbued with fanciful 

 and rabbinical theories. Though a man of great learning he had a 

 strong leaning to the marvellous, and his tendency to superstition was 

 not controlled by a sound judgment. Voltaire, in his usual lively 

 manner, describes him as a man who does uot think, but furnishes 

 others with materials for thinking. 



CALOGIERA, ANQELO, born at Padua in 1699, of a family 

 originally from Corfu, studied at Venice, and entered at an early age 

 the monastery of St. Michele, near Murano, which belonged to the 

 order of the Camaldulenses. After having taken his vows, he was 

 sent to Ravenna to teach theology, where he acquired a large store of 

 varied literary knowledge, and formed many valuable acquaintances. 

 Calogiera, after some years, returned to his monastery of St. Michele, 

 where he spent the greater part of his remaining life in his favourite 

 literary studies. He was induced to compile an annual selection from 

 the numerous papers which were read in the various scientific and 

 philological academies scattered about Italy, and which, for want of a 

 common journal, remained buried and forgotten in their respective 

 archives. Calogiera undertook the task, in which he was assisted by 

 Pier Caterino Zeno, Facciolati, Vallisnieri, Muratori, Manni, and other 

 learned contemporaries. He began to publish in 1728, at Venice, the 

 'Raccolta d'Opuscoli Scientific! e Filologici,' which continued to 

 appear periodically till 1753, when the series closed by its fifty-first 

 volume, which contains ail index of the whole collection. He resumed 

 it however in 1754, under the title of ' Nuova Raccolta d'Opuscoli 

 Scientific! e Filologici,' which he carried on to the time of his death, 

 in 1768, after which it was continued by his co-religionist Father 

 Mandelli till 1784, when the fortieth and last volume of this second 

 series appeared. The two series constitute an ample store of Italian 

 learning during the 18th century. Amidst many papers which have 

 only a local aud temporary interest, there are many others which are 

 truly valuable, and which could not be found anywhere else. Calogiera 

 wrote also a kind of literary journal entitled ' Memorie per servire alia 

 Storia Letteraria ;' he wrote with Apoatolo Zeno in the journal ' La 



