FRAN-COCO TADKO. 



CALVIN, JOHN. 



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( ALOHA RDI, FRAJtCraCO TADKO. tto leading minister of th* 

 1 farteo yean under Ferdinand VII, WM born at the 

 er Angoa. on tto 10th of February 1778, Hi* 

 ttot when to became vtodent of Uw at th* 

 rof nWW.SM to WBB obU|*d to eke oat hi. means of sub- 

 ' toon M B lady 1 * page. A story U told in 

 Ikfe bfc. by C**4eMT (tot e* er*ii* *OOM merchant* of Trruel, who 

 lilliTi ttot tto pace wto WM oarrying tto lantern to lisht them to 

 has all! ill's lining party WM studying tto Uw, a>ked him what he 

 ^aid that tto youth replied, with much gravity. 

 reffiMB*jdJw*wM.* Thta WM coa*id*rrd to preposteroos, 

 Ito* it WM r*B*atod MB*d roan of laughter at tto party, and erved 

 M a sto*Bsw*j jest acatext CalomanU, more especially M bU abilities 

 M ><! w*rs far from temarhhU But when to removed to 



M Uwjrer. tto young Angon*.* won found a 

 by nurrying tto daughter of Beltran, another Ara- 

 , tto phyWn to Oodoy, then in Ito Mnith of hi* power** the 

 favourite, BBd though in tto coon* of a few month, he 

 parted with U* wifc far ever, to ramamed fixed in tto office to which 

 U* father-to Uw tod introduced him. Tto French invasion drove 

 bin 10 Cadi* : and hi* refection M a candidate for the first Cortes is 

 Mid to to** tamed him from aa adherent of th* liberal into one of 

 tto ateomtist party. Through Ito stormy yean that followed he WM 

 BMMtteM* in power fat inferior offlo**, and oroetime* in banishment 

 and dtojnee. till, on tto fall of tto constitutional government by the 

 at**** of Ito Dak* of Angonleme, and th* mtoration of absolute 

 oader Ferdinand. CJomarde finally attained his object, and 

 Md IB 1823 to tto poet to tod a*pired to in boyhood, in sue- 

 i to tto MarqaW of Casa Irujo, whose death proved a seriou* 

 IBM to Spain. It WM whfl* Calomarde WM minister of grace and 

 JMtior, that, OB tto 81*1 of July 1820, an unhappy schoolmaster 

 aam*d AwV^^ Ripoll WM executed at Valencia for denying the 

 TlfcaHl BBd other leading doctrine* of tto church the only aulo-da-fi 

 far tto la*, thirty year, in Spain. Th* diagrace of most of the mea- 

 i of tto period, from 1829 to 1888, which WM a period of marked 

 fao in every point of view, belongs to Ferdinand and Calo- 

 but it is not oasy to decide in what proportion*, M it i* 

 I by some that Ito minuter WM merely an otwequiou* tool 

 to other*, ttot to often prompted th* malignant passion* of the king. 

 Bb principal oar* appear* to ban been to keep himself in place, and 

 to protnne* M many AragoD*** M possible, a propensity which WM 

 Ito sabject of Ferdinand', frequent saraum. lib long term of power 

 BWW to BB end with an event which WM not only a criai* in the life of 

 Calomarde, bat a moat momentous critis in the history of Spain. King 

 Ferdinand tod revived in favour of hi* daughter by Queen Christina, 

 tto preissH Queen Isabel!., tto Uw which allowed of the female 

 iBtorttaBo* of tto crown a Uw which bad been abolished by treaty 

 with foreign power, at tto peace of Utrecht, but secretly agreed to be 

 rssnH by king and eortes towards tto close of the 18th century. In 

 Bvftamtor 18*3, when tto king considered himself on his death-bed, 

 his mind WM agitated by tto thought of the probable consequence* of 

 thai *irB,B*Bl. which deprived his brother Don Carlos, the favourite 

 f tto .benlatWa, of tto JBDOM*|BU to tto throne. He aiked the 

 advice of Calomarde. who told him ttot the royalist volunteers, the 

 eopporur. of Ito absolute party, had arms in their hands, that they 

 BMBbmd 300,000 men. and that it WM useloes to expect they would 

 cewssrt to see tto saocessiuo altered without a civil war, which 

 wvwld very probably brine on tto total detraction of the opposite 

 party. Tto QM*B Christina tonelf WM brought to Meant to this 

 vWw of HIBMI; BBd Ito kins; caused a document to to drawn up in 

 Ito Baton of a codicil to hi* will, which restored tto male line of 

 ssfaw, bat to strictly commanded that it should to kept entirely 

 lUll after hi* death. Tto But day tto king WM **Ued with a 



Madrid. 



d Uy iwHMibl* for many noun, nor WM it supposed by 

 htm Itot to would *r*r recover. Impatient to worhlp 

 MB, Calomard* *oBBinicat*d tto content* of the important 

 to DOB Carlo*, aad crowds flocked to the palace of the 

 s*nn their fqtar* fortunes; tto momentous intelligence 

 Mblic, BBd rooBtd all tto apprstoniion. of the liberals of 

 Th* qtMO/. Bbtor, tto Prinoej. LuUa Carloto of Naples, 



. , rnce. os* aroa o apes, 



Wifc of tto UBS/S brottor DOB Francisco. WM a woman of rtrong 

 MBriom. d BlMosJlBi nsotoUoa: sto hurried to tto palace of San 

 WM lying, now recovering fr 



from his 



to tor ptMtoo^ rnroached him will, 

 not to flatter bimaelf that bis bssenees 



, might aagar what to had to 



tto palace, WM concealed for some days in 

 .% " oj**t.d finally made bis *iy in 

 tntOfn, Bwsyd by officen with the king's order, for 

 IB ttofad*lo< Mtoorca. A Minut Ind part, of 

 oo tto border of Franc., Imt wet* prevailed 



upon with tto promUe of a sum of money to let him pan, for which 

 they were afterward* dismisaed tto service in disgrace. Calomarde'i 

 exertions in Don Carlos'* cause failed to procure him the favour of 

 Don Carlo*. When, after the death of Ferdinand, the civil war broke 

 out in the Basque provinces, he quitted France to offer his services at 

 th* head-quarten of the Pretender, be was refused even an interview, 

 it U supposed from reeentment at his weaknes* in allowing himself to 

 to too eaaily defeated. With the exception of a visit to Rome, the 

 rest of hi* life WM (pent in France, chiefly at Toulouse, where his very 

 liberal charities to all hi* countrymen earned him the title of Father 

 of the Spaniards, and where, after some years of dejection, he died on 

 the 21st of June 1842, regretted by none but the recipients of his 

 bounty. 



CAIXXNNE, M. DE, WM born at Douai about the middle of the 

 18th century. Having attained distinction M a lawyer, he WM made 

 successively attorney-general to the parliament of Douni, intendant of 

 sfetc, inspector-general of Stance., treasurer, and lastly minister of 

 state. He found the finance, in a state of great embarrassment, and 

 being unable to fill up the deficit, he advised Louis XVI. to convoke 

 the assembly of the notables in 1787, before whom he made his well- 

 known statement of the financial affairs of the kingdom. Being taxed 

 with prodigality and malversation, he was dismissed by the king, and 

 WM succeeded by Brienne, Calonne retired to Flanders, and after- 

 ward* to England, where he spent the greater part of his latter years, 

 and wrote numerous political and financial pamphlets. Although 

 belonging to the royalist party, he was not extravagant iu his opinions, 

 and he therefore incurred the enmity of the more violent royalists. 

 His ' Tableau de I'Europe erf Novembre,' 1795 ; ' Pensdes eur ce qu'on 

 a fait et co qu'on n'auroit pas du fuire,' 8vo, 1796 ; ' Des Finances 

 publiques de la France,' 1797, Ac., afford materials for the history of 

 those times. In 1802 he obtained leave of Bonaparte to return to 

 France, where he died in October of the same year. 



CALPUTINIUS, TITUS JU'LIUS, a Latin poet and a native of 

 Sicily, has left eleven eclogues, written somewhat in the manner of 

 Virgil's, whom he seems to have imitated. He is believed to have 

 lived in the 3rd century, and enjoyed the favour of the emperor 

 Cams; but nothing very definite is known respecting him. His 

 Latinity is better than his taate, and his language more tolerant than 

 his subject or his mode of treating it. These eclogues have often been 

 edited, and are printed in the 'Poetic Latin! Minores' of Burmann. 

 An excellent revision of the text was published by Glaeser, Oottiugen, 

 1843. 



CALVERT. DENIS, sometimes called FIAMMINGO, a distin- 

 guished painter in his time, especially in landscape, was bom at 

 Antwerp about 1555, or, according to Oretti, in 1565. He - 

 early in Bologna, and studied there, first with Foutaua, and afterwards 

 witli Sabbatini, with whom he visited Home and assisted in some 

 works there. After a stay of some time in Parma, Calvert returned 

 to Bologna and opened a school there, which became very celebrated, 

 and WM numerously attended : he is said to have taught 137 painters. 

 Hi* school wu unrivalled in Bologna until the establishment of the 

 famous tchool of the Caracci, which in a few years completely super- 

 seded it Some of the greatest scholars however of the Caracci had 

 been students in the school of Calvert, M Domenichino, Quido, and 

 Albani, three of the most famous of the Bolognese painters. 



Calvert died at Bologna in 1619. He is spoken of with great 

 respect by Malvasia and other Italian historians of art. There is 

 nothing peculiarly Flemish in his style, unless it be his colour, in 

 which he excelled, and on account of which he was greatly esteemed 

 by the Bologneee painters. Hi* pictures, of which there are still 

 several in Bologna, are strictly in an Italian style of design ; iu land- 

 scape he WM superior to any of his Bolognese contemporaries. His 

 masterpieces are a St. Michael in the church of San Petronio, and 

 a Purgatory alle Qrazie. The majority of his pictures were of small 

 An and pointed on copper. 



(Malvania, Feltina Ptltrice; Lanzi, Storia Pittorica. <tc.) 



CALVERT, GEORGE. [BALTIMOBI, LORD.] 



CALVIN, JOHN, WM born on the 10th of July 1509, at Noyon in 

 Picartly, where bU father, Gerard Cauvin, was by trade a cooper. His 

 parents being of respectable character, but in humble circumstances, 

 young Calvin, who had early shown a pious disposition, was taken 

 under the protection of a family of wealth in the place, and sent by 

 them to the University of Paris to study for the church. At the age 

 of twelve he obtained from the bishop a benefice in the cathedral of 

 Noyon, to which, in about five years afterwards, was added the cure 

 of Montevillo; but this he exchanged two years after for the cure 

 of Pont-1'Evdque. All this time be was pursuing his studies, and had 

 not even received priest's orders. His father now changed his mind 

 M to the destination of hi* ion, and desired him to turn his attention 

 to the Uw M the sure road to wealth and honour. This change WM 

 not unacceptable to Calvin, who, from his perusal of the Scriptures a 

 copy of which WM furnished him by Robert Olavetan, who was a 

 fellow-scholar, and likewise a native of Noyon had already been con- 

 vinced of many of the errors of the Romish Church. He accordingly 

 left Paris, and repaired first to Orleans, where he studied under J'etcr 

 StelU, and then to Bruges, where Andrew Alciat filled the chair of 

 Uw ; and where also, which was more important to Calvin's future 

 character, Milchior Wolmar, the refonnor, taught him the Greek 



