CAMPAN. MADAME. 



CAMPANKU.A. TOMMA80. 



perieeteeaa, Tte v*y ofbAereMawl efleet, aodeoOMqaeoUy of the 

 Mela. f*j*ltt eolely 0*1 the exoevtioo) of UM plan, out of w hich oar/ a 



Aktak. Tb.1 



ae> we* formed on the 

 Hb deaeription of Venn*, who 

 rMMublcei Ariovlo'a deMcriptioo of 

 idea of hb Ulaod of Love eeem* borrowed ft 



of Homer. 



' 



i to doubt Out Tatao, 

 MlMr*<nAiio^ > .faijtetMttordr to dsibe the abode of 

 AmUe, rftH hiawlf of Mt oeniilpiim of Camovn* (the ' Laabd' 

 * tort printed m 1*71 UM 'JerueaMm DeUrered' did not appear 

 ml IMOV M afterward* UM garden of AraiOa furnished Spen*er with 

 b 'Sever of Bba.' 



O**B***M tea UA, barijsi UM ' Loabd.' p*cJmen* of no oommon 

 *eriti*ierorT>**bof poetry written ha Portugal in H.Ume; 801 of 

 MiMMfta wUak bar. brae, preaerred. exhibit bi* prolific fancy, and 

 MM of Own all UM tendem*** ead grace of Petrarch. Hb aerentoea 

 .<) .r*~ . al .* P-rtJoulariy how deeply he was 



jaswtretod with UM spirit of Petrarch* poetry. The twelre ode* 

 which fallow ijiirnrisaa** more nearly to the cbweieal style, and the 

 Ana, iililiaesiil to UM moon, begin* IB the pore ode *tyle. and b par- 

 ^ -IblJagubbed for iu beauty. In hb ' Sextina* ' Camoen* ha* 

 in reeilariag theb artincial omamente pleasing. But hb 

 i risgii* are nor* worthy of attention ; they are in general 

 poem* of the collection next to the ' Laabd ' and the 

 Same were written in hb youth and in exile, otben 

 denfeg hb oriental royaee. and adrentnre*. Mo other work* of the 

 pee* *o irreebtibty onmmand the reader'* regret for hb misfortunes, 

 ad regard for him a. a man. 



A few pnem* widely dlnVing from each other, are printed under 

 UM oocamon title of Ketenrb*' (stama*), because they are all com- 

 poa*d in Italian octane. The first three of the eerie* are all truly 

 poeti* epbtbe, and faithful mirron of the character and principle* of 



Among UM mbceOaoeoo* poem* of Camoen* the ' Eclogue*' occupy 

 eaejalder I* *BSJ*. They hare more the form than the spirit of 



in Spanish are occuionally interapened 

 WtUulMPe.fc.FMe*. 



In UM eolUetod work* of Oamoeoi a aeparation i made of hi* 

 i in UM Italian etyle and the Italian syllabic meuure from those 

 ancooapoMrf in-quintilhaa.' In this style aUo he has enriched 

 pooiM of poetic oonpoeition then known in Portugal and 

 . The ' redoodilhe* ' on hi* return from Macao to Ooa, after he 

 had ammly eeeaped death by shipwreck, are among thoee beet known. 

 BnnnaMe, gallant, and comic tnoaion* of fancy and wit ('gloau' in 

 UM SpanUh Kyle, ' rolte*' in Portugiwee), and other poetic trifle* in 

 tU Pmtugues* and Spanish language*, appear to hare been dealt out 

 at ewery opportunity with a profuae band by Camoens, and no mental 

 port .!. to hare been too homely for him. 

 Finally, to Uere no kind of poetical oompoaition unattempted, he 

 oto (probably preriou* to hi* departure for India) three drama* 

 - 



Rey Seeraeo' (King Beleoeu*); 'O* Amphitryoe*' (The Amphi 

 tryoneV and KUodemo,' Had the goiiu. which animate* the ' Lusiad' 

 takea a dramatic direction, Camoen. would hare been the Calderon of 

 Porta.l before a Lope de Vega bad arben in Spain. 



A very good edition of UM works of Camoen* appeared at Usbon in 

 I77*4 a*** UM title of ' Obra* d* Camoaoa, Principe do* Poeta* de 

 H*i.nh..' 4 torn. Ifcno. A second edition abo appeared in 178848, 

 to B>e aeaall rolnmes. UM Bret of which contain* the life of the author 

 ' Loabd,' and the bet the dramatic and other piece* aecribed 

 A rery aocurate and splendid edition of the ' Luaiad' 

 d. with rery fin. rngraringa. in one roL 4to, by Kirmin 

 l rt Pan. in 1817. UM expene. of which wa* defrayed by Souza 

 Of thb edition rery f.w oopiei were printed, and it i* now 

 The 'Lo*bd' baa ainoe been aereral time* 



In 1776 abe married M. Cam pan, 

 flnt lady of the bedchamber to Marie 

 She remained with Marie Antoinette 

 's reign, and wa* with her in the flnt scene, of the 

 t*&*m, mf to UM torming of UM Tuibrie. on the 1 Oth of August, 

 wW eke oenoerly eeoaped with her Ufa. Being forbidden to follow 

 her entree, to her prboo In the Temple, she retired into the country, 

 Md at bet opetwd a brnrdtnt >ehool at St. Germain n I ^vr. Th. 



aU.wfco.eX 



St. Oennain-en.Uye. 

 iaad by Joeephine Beauliar- 

 HorUtu. to it In 1 MM, whm Napoleon 



, 

 **tabUehnMt*t Beonen for the daughter, and .UUr. of 



" *"" f * MW ' b x>'' 



a*"." f ^* MW ' b pix>'' Madame Campan 

 After UMtUetoration,Ui, w hool of Bcouen being 

 " - retired to Mantn, where ahe died ii 

 her a character for mild rirtnea and 

 eeompUeuiu>. She ha* written- 

 r U Vie priree de Mati* Antoinette, Reioe de Prance, 

 de Sovreein et Aneodotei Hbtorlqoei w let BefOM di 



-. . : - , 



Loub XV. et Loob XVI.,' tranalatod into KugUih in 1823. She giro* 

 a faithful ami impartial account of Marie Antoinette. Her recollec- 

 tion* of the old court of Loni* XV. are alao curiou*. 



CAMI'ANKl.LA, TOMMA'SU, born near the town of Btilo in 

 Calabria, in 1588, entered the Dominican order and became Jittin- 

 gobbed for hi* learning. He applied hiuiwlf chiefly to metaphyiica, 

 and followed hi* countryman Teleaio, who died in 1588 at Coaenca, in 

 hi* oppoaition to what wa* then taught in the school* under the name 

 of Arbtotalian philoaophy. CampaneUa publiahed hi* first work at 

 Xaplea, in 1691, entitled ' I'htloaophia Senubn* demoutrata adrenus 

 eo* qui pruprio arbitratu, non autem aansate duoe natura, philosophati 

 mint, cum rera Dafanaione Ileruardi Teleaii.' Philow>phy wa* at that 

 time a rery dangeroa* ground for diacuuiou, aa waa experienced, 

 among other*, by Bruno aud Vanini, both natives of the kingdom of 

 Naples, who were burnt alive for their opinion*, one at Rome and the 

 other in Prance. [Bitu.vo, GIORDANO.] The schoolmen, and the 

 monks eepecially, rabed such a storm againnt CampaneUa that be left 

 hi* native country. lie was accused of sorcery, of being an adept of 

 Kayinond Lullua, and of some cabalistic Rabbins. CampaneUa went 

 to Tuscany, where the grand duke Ferdinand de' Hedici received him 

 with great kindness, and offered him a professorship at Pita, which he 

 declined ; thence CampaneUa proceeded to Padua, where he gare 

 pi-irate instruction to aereral young patricians of Venice. About this 

 period he wrote several work*, among other* a project of Christian 

 monarchy, with a treatise on Church government, addressed to the 

 pope, in which he suggested how, with mere spiritual weapons, he 

 might bring all Christians within the pale of the Church. CampaneUa 

 appear* in this and other of his works as an admirer uf unity, both in 

 Church and State ; he advocated a univenal spiritual monarchy as 

 weU a* a temporal one, both acting in uuison for a common purpose. 

 After some yean, Campanella left Padua for Home, but his papers 

 were seized on the road, and it seem* that they found their way to 

 the archive* of the Inquisition at Home ; but the author remained 

 unmolested for the present. From Rome, CampaneUa returned to hi* 

 native country, where he lived for some time at Stilo, enjoying con- 

 siderable celebrity for his learning, untU serious political events came 

 to disturb the laud. A vast conspiracy is stated to hare been hatched 

 in, Calabria, in which aereral hundred monks and other clergymen, 

 some bishops, and many barons were said to be implicated, against 

 the Spanish rice-regal government, which was one of the worst in 

 Europe. The peasantry were ripe for revolt, being ground down by 

 taxes, and still more by the cruel manner in which they were levied. 

 Philip II. of Spain, who had wielded so long with a strong hand the 

 power of the Spanish crown, waa dead, and his successor bad not 

 inherited his abilities or his firmness. The Count de Lemos was sent 

 viceroy to Naples by Philip III., and a fresh tax on 'fuochi ' (hearths), 

 or families, was imposed. Dissatisfaction became loud all over the 

 country. In August 1599, two citizens of Catanearo revealed the plan 

 of a conspiracy, in which CampaneUa and his brother friar, Dionisio 

 Ponzio of Nicastro, were leaders. It was said that their object was to 

 proclaim a republic, aud that they relied upon the Turks for assist- 

 ance; and had carried on a correapondence with Cicala Pasha, a 

 Turkish admiral, but himself a Calabrian renegade, who was then 

 aoouring the neighbouring sea with his squadron. Such a plan may 

 hare been conceived by somo person ; but that a man of so much 

 information and judgment a* Campanella displays in bis works, a 

 monk, and an advocate for a unirenal Christian monarchy, could 

 think of establishing a republic in Calabria by means of Turkish 

 awistanoe and against the power of the Spanish monarchy, is incredi- 

 ble, and the sequel tend* to disprove the charge. Campanella and 

 Dionisio Ponzio were arrested, together with many more, and sent to 

 Naples, where aeveral of the conipirators, having confessed under 

 torture, were executed. CampaneUa remained in a dungeon for years : 

 he wa* put to the torture seren times ; fire times his trial was begun 

 afresh, but he oonfeesed nothing, or had nothing to confess, and after 

 aereral yean his confinement wa* mitigated, and he was allowed to 

 see hb friend*. Charge* of heresy were mixed up with political 

 charge* against him; he was even accused of being the author of the 

 book 'De Tribus Impostoribus,' which CampaueUa observes had been 

 publUhed thirty yean before he was born. The historian Qionnouo 

 aamerte that CampaneUa waa reaUy a leader of the great conspiracy, 

 which he says was concocted chiefly by monks ; but Oiannone, like 

 most Neapolitan jurist*, was prejudiced against monk* and churchmen 

 in general, aud he believed the insinuations of the viceregal lawyers. 

 Botta, in his continuation to Uuicciardiui, has followed Oiannone 

 implicitly. A search was made a few yean back in the archives of 

 Naples for the papen relative to CampaneUa' imprisonment and trial, 

 but nothing was found. Most of the documents existing of the rice- 

 regal judicial administration are of a later date than Campanula's 

 trial ; the previous records of the 16th and beginning of the 17th 

 centime* are missing. Antonio Sena, a Calabrian, and one of the 

 earliest writers on political economy, wa* one of the individuals im- 

 prUoned on the same occasion as CampaueUa, and he also waa tortured 

 and kept in prison for year*. Campanella enjoyed at one time a 

 glimpse of favour from the viceroy Duke of Osnuua, who lored to 

 convene with him on politics ; but when Oasuna was recalled and 

 arrested, on the charge of baring intended to assume supreme power 

 at Naples, CampaneUa became the object of fresh suspicions, and hi 



