53 



CAMPANELLA, TOMMASO. 



CAMPBELL, LORD. 



captivity was made more rigorous. At last, in 1626, he was released 

 from hie prison at the pressing request of Pope Urban VIII., who, 

 probably in order to obtain his release, urged that as the prisoner had 

 been charged with heresy, and was moreover an ecclesiastic, he ought 

 to appear before the tribunal of the Inquisition. Campanella was 

 therefore Bent to Rome, and lodged in the buildings of the Holy Office, 

 where however he was a prisoner at large, and was treated with con- 

 siderate attention. After three years more, making in all thirty years 

 of confinement, he was allowed his full freedom. He remained for 

 several years at Rome, enjoying the favour of the pope, of many of 

 the cardinals, and other distinguished persons. He published two 

 works in favour of the Papal See and Court ' Monarchia Messise, ubi, 

 per philoeophiam divinam et humanam demonstrantur Jura summi 

 Pontificis super universum Orbem,' Jesi, in the Papal State, 1633 ; 

 and ' Discorsi della Liberia e della Felice Suggezione allo Stato Eccle- 

 siastico,' Ibid. The object of the last work was to show that the 

 people subject to the Papal See were among the happiest in Italy, 

 which was then perhaps true. These two works having occasioned 

 remonstrances and complaints on the part of the Spanish and other 

 courts were suppressed, and copies of them are very scarce. He also 

 wrote at Rome a ' Liber de Titulis,' on hierarchical precedence and 

 titles of honour. 



Campanella had become very intimate at Rome with the Duke de 

 Noailles, ambassador of Louis XIII., and this intimacy, added to the 

 old suspicions of the agents of Spain, made them cry aloud against the 

 protection granted by the pope to a turbulent friar, whom they com- 

 pared to Luther. Campanella stood evidently in danger, even in the 

 midst of Rvme ; so great was then the dread of the Spanish power in 

 Italy, that the pope's protection was deemed insufficient. Naoillea 

 proposed to Campanella to take refuge in France, and he sent him off 

 in his own carriage, disguised as one of his attendants, and with letters 

 of recommendation to the minister Cardinal Richelieu. Campanella 

 arrived safely at Marseille, in October, 1634; he saw at Aix the learned 

 Peiresc, who treated him most kindly and provided him with neces- 

 saries for the remainder of his journey. At Paris he had a very 

 favourable reception from Richelieu, who conversed with him confi- 

 dentially on the affairs of Italy, and introduced him to Louis XIII., 

 who granted Mm a pension. Campanella, worn out by his sufferings, 

 retired to the convent of his order, the afterwards famous Convent of 

 the Jacobins in the Rue St. Honore', where he died, in 1639. 



The works of Campauella are very numerous. The Dominican 

 bibliographers Echard and Quetif, 'Scriptor. Ord. Praedic.,' give a long 

 catalogue of his inedited works. Among those that have been pub- 

 lished, the following are deserving of notice : 'Prodromus Philosophic 

 Instaurandse, seu de Natura Rerum, cum Prasfatione ad Philosophos 

 Germanise,' Frankfurt, 1617. The preface is by Tobias Adami, a 

 learned German, who became acquainted with Campanella in his con- 

 finement at Naples. Campanella intrusted him with several of his 

 manuscripts. ' De Sensu Rerum et Magia Libri IV., ubi demonstratur 

 Munduui ease Dei vivam statuam beneque cognoscentem ; omnes illius 

 partes sensu donatas esse, quatenus ipsarum conservation! sufficit : et 

 fere omnium natunc arcanorum reperiuntur rationes,' Frankfurt, 1620. 

 This work was composed, as well as several others, by Campanella 

 during his Neapolitan captivity, and was published in Germany by 

 Adami, but the author published a second edition of it at Paris in 

 1636, which he dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu. Father Mersenne 

 wrote to refute the book as heretical, and Atbanasius of Constantinople 

 wrote against it in his ' Anti-Campanella,' Paris, 1655. ' Realis Philo- 

 sophise Epilogiaticse Partes IV., cum Tobise Adami Annotationibus ; 

 accedit Appendix politicus sub hoc Titulo : Civitas Solis, seu Idea 

 Reipublicae Philosophies;,' Frankfurt, 1620. The 'Civitas Solis' has 

 been often reprinted separately, and translated into various languages. 

 ' Apologia pro Galileo, ubi disquiritur utrum ratio philosophandi 

 quam Qalileus celebrat faveat Scripturis sacris an adversetur,' Frank- 

 furt, 1662. ' De Prscdestinatione, Electione, Reprobatione, et auxiliis 

 Divinae Gratise, Cento Thomisticus,' Paris, 1636. The author discusses 

 ome of the opinions of Thomas Aquinas, and supports those of 

 Origenes. ' Universalis Philosophise, seu Metaphysicarum Rerum 

 Libri XVIII.,' Paris, 1638. ' Philosophic Rationalis Partes Quinque.' 

 'De Gentilismo non retinendo Qusestio unica,' Paris, 1636. The 

 question proposed is, whether it is lawful to contradict Aristotle. 

 The following works of Campanella were published after the death of 

 the author. 'De Libris propriis et recta Ratioue Studendi,' Paris, 

 1642, in which the author speaks of himself, his studies, and his works. 

 It was edited by Naud4 who knew Campanella, and who speaks of 

 him and his imprisonment in his ' Considerations Politiques sur les 

 Coups d'Etats.' 'De Monarchia Hispanica Discursus,' Amsterdam, 

 1640. This, perhaps the most remarkable work of Campanella, was 

 written by him during his confinement at Naples. It is an able sketch 

 of the political world of that time, and with reference to the Spanish 

 monarchy, which was then the preponderating power, it showed how 

 that preponderance could be maintained and increased. This work 

 made a great noire at the time ; it was reprinted several times, and 

 wa translated into English (chiefly no doubt in consequence of the 

 plan which Campanella suggests to the .Spanish monarch for obtaining 

 possession of England on the death of Elizabeth), and published during 

 Cromwell's Protectorate : ' A Discourse touching the Spanish Monarchy, 

 wherein we have a political ghuse representing each particular country, 



province, kingdom, and empire of the world, with ways of government 

 by which they are kept in obedience, written by Thomas Campanella, 

 and newly translated into English according to the third edition of 

 his book in Latin,' London, 1654, with a preface by the translator, 

 jiving a notice of Campanella's adventures. The work was reprinted 

 after the Restoration, under this title : ' Thomas Campanella, an Italian 

 Friar, and second Machiavel, his Advice to the King of Spain for 

 attaining the Universal Monarchy of the World, particularly concerning 

 England, Scotland, and Ireland, how to raise division between King 

 and Parliament, to alter the government from a Kingdom to a Com- 

 monwealth, also for reducing Holland and other seafaring countries, 

 &c., with a preface by William Prynne of Lincoln's Inn.' 



In the King's Library at Paris are several manuscripts of Campanella, 

 among others an invective against the Jesuits, and a discourse against 

 the Lutherans and Calvinists. In the Imperial Library at Vicuna 

 there is an Italian dialogue of Campanella, on the means of convincing 

 of error all the heretics and sectarians of his time. Some short 

 Italian poems of Campanella were published a few years back at 

 Lugano, by Orelli. Adami published some of his Latin poems. 



(Baldacchini, Vita e Filosofia di T. Campanella, Naples, 1840, with 

 several inedited letters of Campanella; Tiraboschi, Storia della 

 Letteratura Italiana, <Scc.) 



CAMPANI, MATTHEW and JOSEPH, two brothers, natives of 

 the diocese of Spoleto, were alive in and after lb'78. They are some- 

 times confounded, as for instance by Weidler. Matthew, the elder, 

 was curate of a parish at Rome, and applied himself to watchmaking 

 and optics. He is mentioned as having constructed a clock which was 

 illuminated by night from the interior, and he published a work on 

 the subject of clockmaking iu 1678. But he is principally known 

 as having been the first who ground object-glasses of enormous focal 

 length. By order of Louis XIV. he made one of a focal length of 

 130, one of 150, and one of 205 palms (9^ inches French, according to 

 An/.out) ; and with one of these Dominic Cassini first saw the 

 satellites of Saturn. His smaller glasses were much esteemed. 

 Weidler says (of Joseph Campani, but we suspect it must be Matthew 

 who is meant), on the authority of the ' Journal des Savans,' 1665, 

 p. 4, that he endeavoured to destroy chromatic aberration by means 

 of a triple eye-glass. There is a paper of his in ' Gaudentii Roberti 

 Misc. Ital. Phys. Math.,' Bologna, 1692. 



Joseph Campani was also an astronomer, and made his own tele- 

 scopes. He published various observations (see Lalaude, 'Bib). 

 Astron.'), and is the one referred to in AUZOUT. 



CAMPA'NUS, JOHN, of Novara in the Milanese, the first translator 

 of Euclid from the Arabic. Blancanus (' Chron. Math.') places him 

 between A.D. 1000 and 1100, but says that by his own account he 

 wrote a calendar in the year 1 200. Vossius confirms the latter, and 

 cites the calendar in question, and also Blancanus in confirmation, 

 without noticing the discrepancy. Riccioli contends for A.D. 1030. 

 There is no doubt the writer of the calendar lived about A.D. 1200, 

 but whether an earlier Campanus might not have been the translator 

 of Euclid is a question. Tiraboschi (cited by Montucla) has shown 

 that there was a Campanus who was chaplain to Pope Urban IV. 

 (elected 1261), but we do not see on what grounds Tiraboschi 

 positively affirms this one to have been the translator of Euclid. 



This translation was the first printed, and we shall give an account 

 of this early triumph of the art. There is no title-page ; the first 

 words being " Preclarissinms liber elementorum Euclidis perspicacissiini : 

 in artem Geometric incipit qua foelicissime : punetus est cuius ps nf> 

 est," &c. At the end we find " H Opus elementoru euclidis megarensis 

 in geometria arte In id quoq; Campani pspicacissimi Comentationes 

 finiiit. Erhardus ratdolt Augii stensis impressor solertisaimus. venetiia 

 impressit. Anno salutis. M.ccec.lxxxij. Octavis. Calen. Jun. 

 Lector. Vale." 



There is a preface by Ratdolt, in which he complains that, among 

 the vast number of books then printed at Venice, there should be so 

 few on mathematics. This he attributes to the difficulty of repre- 

 senting diagrams, and states that he has discovered a method of 

 printing them as easily as letter types. This appears to be wood- 

 cutting; and the diagrams are on a broad margin by the side of the 

 black letter. 



The translation itself is evidently from the Arabic, not from the 

 Greek. Several Arabic terms are introduced ; an equilateral rhombus 

 is called 'helmuaym;' a parallelogram, 'similis helmuaym' in the 

 definitions, but afterwards a ' parallelogram ; ' a trapezium is helmua- 

 riphe.' There was a reprint at Venice in 1491, not byKatdolt; aud 

 the commentary of Campanus was reprinted by Henry Stephens at 

 Paris in 1516 in the edition of Zamberti. Billingsley's English trans- 

 lation, best known by John Dee's preface, was made from Campanus. 



For a copious list of manuscripts of Campanus in different libraries, 

 &c., see Heilbrouner, ' Hist. Math. Univ.' (Index.) 



CAMPBELL, LORDS OF ARGYLL. [ARGYLL, CAMPBELL, LORDS 

 OF.] 



* CAMPBELL, LORD. John Campbell, now Lord Campbell, and 

 Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, was born iu 1779 at 

 Springfield, near Cupar, Fifeshire, in Scotland. He is the second son 

 of the Kev. Dr. George Campbell, minister of Cupar, Fifeshire. He 

 was educated at the University of St. Andrews. In November 1800 

 he was entered as a student at Lincoln's Ion, London, was called to 



