67 



CAMPER, PETER. 



CAMPOMANES, COUNT PEDRO RODRIGUEZ. 



panied in the first edition by ' Lord Ullin's Daughter" and hia ' Battle 

 of the Baltic,' perhaps hia finest lyric ; and in a aubsequent edition by 

 his beautiful and passionate tale of ' O'Connor's Child.' ' Gertrude of 

 Wyoming' ia written upon the whole in a much purer style than the 

 'Pleasures of Hope" though still not without occasional forma of 

 expression having more sound than sense, such for example as the 

 ' transport and security entwine ' which Byron has ridiculed. With 

 all his truth and delicacy of taste in the matter of diction, Campbell 

 seldom altogether escapes these hollow conventionalities of phraseology, 

 at least in his quieter passages. The best executed portions of his 

 ' Gertrude of Wyoming,' as of all his poems, are those in which he is 

 carried along by passion, and has less time to waste on words. 



In 1S12 Campbell gave six lectures on poetry at the Royal Institution, 

 which attracted large audiences. For several years he published 

 nothing except a few occasional short pieces. In 1813 he made a 

 second visit to Germany, and after his return in the following year his 

 Specimens of the British Poeta' appeared in 7 volumes, 8vo. (re- 

 printed in 1841, in one volume, Svo, with additional notes by Mr. P. 

 Cunningham). The ' Essay on English Poetry ' by which this work 

 is introduced is written in many passages with great beauty and 

 eloquence. In 1820 Campbell delivered a course of lectures on 

 English Poetry at the Surrey Institution. In 1 820 also he undertook 

 the editorship of the ' New Monthly Magazine,' which he retained till 

 1 830. In 1824 he published his ' Theodoric, a domestic tale ; ' it wants 

 the force and fire of some of his other poetry, but is perhaps the 

 sweetest of all his poema. He never wrote anything more touching 

 than the letter of Constance towards the close of this poem. It waa 

 however received by the public with great coldness, very much to the 

 annoyance of the author. For some yeara after this he was much 

 occupied by the interest he took in the emancipation of Greece aud 

 of Poland, and alao in the project of the London University, now 

 University College, which he always claimed the credit of originating, 

 but the auccessful carrying out of the idea was certainly due to others. 



In 1827 he waa elected Rector of the Univeraity of Glasgow, and he 

 waa re-elected to the office in the two following years. He lost hia 

 wife in 1828. Of two sons, one died in infancy ; the other survived 

 bia father, but was early found to be the subject of mental derange- 

 ment, lu 1831 Campbell established the 'Metropolitan Magazine' 

 upon relinquishing or losing the editorship of the ' New Monthly,' but 

 retained ita management in hia own hands only for a abort time ; and 

 in 1832 he paid a viait to Algiera, an account of which he published in 

 the 'Metropolitan Magazine" in a series of papers, afterwards, in 1837, 

 collected and reprinted in two volumes, Svo, under the title of 'Letters 

 from the South." The other publications of hia last years, none of 

 which brought him much reputation, were a ' Life of Mrs. Siddons,' 2 

 Tola. Svo, 1834; a 'Life of Petrarch," 2 vols. 8vo, 1841; 'Life and 

 Times of Frederick the Great' (of this ho professed to be only the 

 editor), 4 vola. Svo, 1841, and 1843; and the 'Pilgrim of Glencoe,' a 

 poem, Svo, 1842. In the summer of 1843 hia health and circumstances 

 being both much impaired, he retired, accommnicd by a niece, to 

 Boulogne ; and he died there on the 15th of June 1844. His body 

 waa brought over to England, and interred on the 3rd of July in 

 Westminster Abbey, near the centre of Poet's Corner, close to the 

 tomb of Addison, where a marble statue of him by Marshall has since 

 been placed. 



(Beattie, Life, and Letters of Thomai Campbell.) 



CAMPER, PETER, a physician and anatomist, was born at Leyden 

 on the llth of May 1722. Hia father, Florent Camper, was a clergy- 

 man, who numbered among hia friends Boerhaave, 'eGravesaude, 

 Miigachenbroeck, and Moor ; and in tho society of these celebrated 

 men Camper imbibed hia gtrong love of acicnce and tho fine arts. 

 He waa instructed in drawing by Moor, aud in geometry by Labordes. 

 On entering the university of Leyden he devoted himself to the 

 study of medicine, under Gaubiua, Van Rooyen, the elder Albinux, 

 and Trioen, under whom he goon rose to distinction ; aud when he 

 took his degree of doctor in philosophy and medicine in 1746, he 

 published two dissertations, the one ' De Viau,' the other ' Do Oculi 

 quibiisdam partibus,' which have been much praiaed by Baldinger. 

 In 1743 he visited London, where he spent nearly twelve months, 

 associating with Mead, Pringle, and Pitcairn ; and where his taste for 

 natural history waa awakened by the cabinets of Sir Hans Sloane and 

 Collinson, and the collections of Hill and Cateaby. He subsequently 

 auccesaively occupied the chairs of philosophy, anatomy, surgery, and 

 medicine in tho universities of Franeker, Amsterdam, and Groningen. 

 When entering upon these professorships he delivered introductory 

 lectures, which were remarkable for the comprehensive knowledge 

 which they evinced in phyaica, medicine, and anatomy, as well as for 

 an uncommon talent of observation. He obtained a prize from the 

 Academy of Sciences in 1772, and an acceuit in 1776 ; a prize from 

 the Academy of Dijon in 1779 ; from that of Lyon in 1773, and 

 that of Toulouse in 1774; and from the societies of Haarlem and 

 Edinburgh, and the academy of surgery. He was a nictnh r of the 

 Academies of Berlin and St. Petersburg, and of the Royal Societies of 

 London and Gijttingen ; and in 1785 was made a foreign associate of 

 the Academy of Sciences at Parin, being the only Dutchman, except 

 Boerhaave, who had attained that honour. He waa alao a member of 

 the tat-'ouncil of the United Provinces, and a deputy in the assembly 

 of the States of the Province of Friealand. He died of a violent 

 MV. VOL. II. 



pleurisy on the 7th of April 1789, in the sixty-seventh year of his age, 

 leaving behind him the well-earned reputation not only of a dis- 

 tinguished anatomist and philosopher, but of an honest man. 



The works, or rather detached essays of Camper, are exceedingly 

 numerous. Besides hia ' Demonstrationes Anatomico-pathologicse,' of 

 which two parts only appeared, the one containing the structure aiul 

 diseases of the human arm, the other the structure and diseases of 

 the human pelvis, he published separate dissertations upon the fol- 

 lowing among other subjects : on the ' Sense of Hearing in Fishes ; ' 

 on the ' Physical Education of Children ; ' on ' Inoculation for the 

 Small-pox ; ' on the ' Origin and Colour of Negroes ; ' on the ' Signs 

 of Life and Death in new-born Children ; ' on ' Infanticide, with a 

 project for the Establishment of a Foundling Hospital ; ' on tho 

 ' Operation of Lithotomy at two different times according to the 

 celebrated Franco; ' &c. He also presented the following memoirs to 

 different societies : on the ' Callus of Fractured Bones ; ' on tha 

 ' Advantages and best Methods of Inoculating for the Small- pox ; ' on 

 the ' Theory and Treatment of Chronic Diseases of the Lungs,' &c. ; 

 on the ' Construction of Trusses, and the best method of tempering 

 steel for these instruments; ' on the 'Structure of the great bones of 

 Birds, and the manner in which atmospheric air is introduced into 

 them ; ' on the ' Cure of Ulcers ; ' on the ' Characteristic marks of 

 Countenance in Peraona of different Countries and Ages,' which was 

 afterwarda published by his son in 4to in 1791, and followed by tlio 

 description of a method of delineating various sorts of heads with 

 accuracy; on the 'Discovery of the Glands in the Interior of ths 

 Sternum ; ' on ' Contagious Diseases among Cattle ; ' on ' Specific 

 Remedies ; ' on the ' Effects of Air, Sleep, &c. in the cure of Surgical 

 Disorders; ' on the ' Nature, Treatment, &c. of Dropsy ; ' on 'Physical 

 Beauty ; ' on the question, ' Why is Man exposed to more Diseases 

 than other Animals ? ' and on the ' Fossil Bones of unknown and rare 

 Animals.' In 1792 hia son published a sequel to tho work on the 

 natural difference of features, <fec. entitled ' Lectures of the late Peter 

 Camper on the manner of delineating the different emotions of mind 

 in the countenance,' &c. ; and in 1303 a collection of his works appeared 

 at Paris in 3 vols. Svo, with a folio atlas of platea under the title of 

 ' Giuvres de Pierre Camper qui ont pour objet 1'Histoire Naturelle, la 

 Physiologic, et 1'Anatomie Compare'e.' His ' Iconea Herniarum ' was 

 published at Frankfurt by Soemmering, 1801, folio. Among the more 

 prominent points in his works, we may mention his discovery of the 

 presence of air in the bones of birds ; his demonstration that the 

 curvature of the urethra is greater in children than in adults; hU 

 remarks on the variation of the facial angle in different nations; and 

 his osteological investigations into lost races of animals. 



CAMPI, tho name of a celebrated family of painters of Cremona. 



GIOLIO CAMPI, the eldest and master of the others, according to 

 I. .n/.'. was the Ludovico, and Bernardino the Aunibale, comparing 

 them with the Caracci as a school. Giulio was born about 1500, and 

 died in 1572. He was the scholar of Giulio Romano at Mantua, and 

 contributed greatly to the dissemination of the principles of the 

 Romau school throughout Lombardy, where his works, as well as 

 those of all the Campi, are very numerous. In many instances he has 

 combined the vigour of design of Giulio Romano with the colour of 

 Titian, but bis works are in various styles. 



ANTONIO CAMPI, brother of Giulio, was living in 1536, aud as late as 

 1591. He was an architect as well as a painter, and wrote a history 

 of Cremona which has been highly praised : it contained numerous 

 plites drawn and many of them engraved by himself. 



VINCENXO CAMPI, also a brother of Giulio, was born before 1532 and 

 died in 1591. He painted many religious subjects, but excelled most 

 in portraits and fruit pieces. 



BERNARDINO CAHPI, cou..in of Giulio, was born in 1522, and died 

 about 1590. Though instructed by Giulio, he adopted a different 

 style from his cousin, and is generally allowed to have surpassed him. 

 They were both very similar in colour, but in desigu Bernardino was 

 more chaste than Giulio and legs robust. He was also an excellent 

 portrait painter. He was originally a goldsmith, aud was induced to 

 adopt painting from seeing two tapestries worked from designs by 

 Raffaclle, whose simplicity of style he always adhered to. Some of the 

 greatest works in Cremona and Mantua were painted by Bernardino : 

 his masterpieces are the frescoes of the cupola and other works in San 

 Sigismondo at Cremona, which for paintings is one of the richest 

 churches iu Italy. Bernardino painted the cupola in seven moutha. 

 A ' Nativity ' in the church of San Domcnico is one of his finest pieces. 



(Laist, Notizie litoi-ic/te de' Piltori, dec., Cremoncai; Lanzi, Storia 

 Pittorica, etc.) 



CAMPOMA'NES, COUNT PEDRO RODRIGUEZ, a distinguished 

 Spanish civilian and statesman of the 1 8th century, was born in Asturiaa 

 in 1723. During his early years ho travelled and observed much, and 

 studied diligently the works of English and other writers on philo- 

 sophy and political science. In 1765 he was appointed fiscal advocate 

 to the royal council of Castile, and afterwards minister of state. 

 He waa a friend oT Aranda, and took part in the expulsion of the 

 Jesuits by that minister. [ARANDA.] He laboured zealously to TOUFO 

 the industry of Spain from its state of torpor, and wrote several good 

 works on the education of the people, and especially of the artisans. 



Under the ministry of Florida Blanca, Campomanes was removed from 

 :il, and lived afterwards in retirement until his death, which 



the council. 



