61 



CANDACE, 



CANNING, GEORGE. 



62 



CANDACE, the Dame or title given to the warrior queens of 

 Ethiopia in the later period of the kingdom of Meroe. The Candace 

 whose name occurs in history invaded Egypt in B.C. 22, that country 

 being theu in possession of the Romans, and compelled the Roman 

 garrisons of Syene, Elephantine, and Philae to surrender. Caius 

 Petronius, the prefect, marched against her, defeated her near 

 Pselcha, and ravaged a portion of her territory. On his withdrawal, 

 she attacked the garrisons he had left at Premnis, on hearing which 

 he returned and again defeated her troops. On this she sent an em- 

 bassy to Augustus, who was then at Satnos, to sue for peace, and the 

 emperor not only granted her prayer, but remitted the tribute which 

 Petronius had laid upon the country. 



CANDLISH, ROBERT SMITH, D.D., one of the most influential 

 ministers of the Free Church of Scotland, has been an active public 

 man in the conduct of ecclesiastical affairs in Scotland for the last 

 twenty years. He was educated for the ministry in tha Established 

 Church of Scotland, and, after receiving licence as a probationer, was 

 for some time engaged as an assistant minister in one of the parishes 

 of Glasgow. In 1834 he was settled in the parish of Sprouston, in 

 the presbytery of Kelso, from which he was translated soon afterwards 

 to the parochial charge of St. George's, Edinburgh, one of the moat 

 wealthy and fashionable churches in the Scottish metropolis, the 

 appointment to which lay in the then recently-reformed Town Council 

 of Edinburgh. The agitation for church reform followed close upon 

 the successful struggle for the extension of political privileges, and in 

 the conduct of that agitation Dr. Candlish bore a leading part, in con- 

 junction with Drs. Chalmers, Cunningham, Gordon, Welsh, and a few 

 earnest laymen. That struggle issued, as is well known, in the great 

 Disruption of 1843. We have here no further concern with its 

 history than to nots tho remarkable fact that the Free Church of 

 Scotland, since its establishment in the year just named, has, for its 

 various schemes of home and foreign missionary and educational 

 effort, in all of which Dr. Candlish has taken a leading part, raised 

 from the voluntary efforts of its members and supporters about three 

 millions sterling. Dr. Candlish ha* been uniformly returned by the 

 Free Presbytery of Edinburgh as one of its representatives in the 

 General Assembly of the body, although the usual rule of rotation 

 would allow of his return only once in three or four years. Previous 

 to the Disruption, the adherents of the non-intrusion party belonging 

 to St. George's Church, in anticipation of the result of the ' ten years' 

 conflict,' as the agitation has been designated, had resolved to erect a 

 plain building as a kind of model for the new place* of worship which 

 were expected to be found necessary in all parts of the country. This 

 building, situated on Castle-terrace, and now occupied by the Free 

 Gaelic Congregation, was soon found too small and inconvenient for 

 Dr. Candluh'g new congregation (Free St. George's), who accordingly 

 erected, at a cost of about 15,0001., a commodious and handsome 

 church in the Lothian Road. Dr. Candlish has been since offered the 

 post of Professor"^f Divinity in the New College belonging to the 

 Free Church ; and in 1-65 he was invited to remove to Glasgow, to 

 take the pastoral charge of a church in that city, but he declined both, 

 and retains his position as pastor of Free St. George's. He received 

 his diploma of D.U. from an American university. He has published 

 numerous pamphlet* and single sermons, a treatise on the doctrine of 

 tha Atonement, ' Contributions to the Exposition of the Book of 

 Genesis,' an ' Examination of Maurice's Theological Essay*,' and a few 

 other works on religious subjects. 



CANDOLLE, DE. [De CANDOLLE.] 



CANGA, ARGUELLES, JOSE, a Spanish statesman and author, 

 was born in the Asturias about 1770. He was a conspicuous member 

 of the Cortes of 1313-14, and on the overthrow of liberalism by the 

 return of Ferdinand in the latter year, was for some time banished, 

 or according to Galiano imprisoned. In the second constitutional 

 period of modern Spain, commencing with the outbreak of 1820, he 

 was Minister of Finance; proposed some measures interfering with 

 church property, and in 1822 resigned with his colleagues on a con- 

 stitutional question. He was obliged in the next year to take refuge 

 in England from the second triumph of the Absolutists backed by the 

 arms of France, and resided in London for the seven years which 

 followed. "After having been engaged in some periodical publications 

 in defence of the constitutional cause," says Galiano, also a refugee, 

 " he suddenly became the apologirt of Ferdinand, wrote against his 

 fellow-exiles, and strange as it may appear, spared not invectives 

 against his own acts as a minister, by strongly protecting against the 

 recognition of the Cortes' bonds by the Spanish government, although 

 the loan entered into by the first Cortes was contracted by himself in 

 his official capacity." He was soon afterwards permitted to return to 

 Spain, and after the ' Estatuto Real,' was for the third time a member 

 of the Cortes, but not a conspicuous one. He died in 1843. 



Canga Arguelles was the author of numerous works, of which two 

 produced during the leisure of his exile in England are by far the 

 most important. One of these the 'Diccionario de Hacienda,' or 

 'Dictionary of Finance' (5 vola. 8vo, London, 1827-28, afterwards 

 reprinted at Madrid), in abundant in information on matters of Spanish 

 financH and taxation, not easily found elsewhere, but unhappily be-irs 

 the reputation of being far from accurate. The other, ' Observacionea 

 Hutoria de la Guerra de Kapafia,' or 'Observations on the 

 Hitorie of tha Peninsular War, written by Clarke, Southey, London- 



derry, and Napier,' is interesting as showing the views of the great 

 contest taken by a Spanish liberal who was a near witness of the 

 events. It would be unjust not to remember that at the time of 

 writing it, the author was smarting under the somewhat cavalier tone 

 in which Colonel Napier thought fit to speak of his couutry, but it 

 should also not be forgotten on the other hand, that the strong accu- 

 sations which this work contains of selfishness on the part of England 

 towards Spain were published in London by a Spaniali refugee, who 

 was then in receipt of a bounty pension from the British government. 

 The publication of this work had no doubt a share in procuring its 

 author leave to return to Spain, as an edition of it which was issued 

 at Madrid bears in the earlier volumes an intimation that it is pub- 

 lished 'by permission,' and in its later 'by order' of the Spanish 

 government. The favour it conciliated seems to have extended even 

 to the printer, for the first edition (London, 1829-30, 5 vols. 8vo) is 

 executed by ' D. M. Calero.' Frederick's-place, Goswell-road, and the 

 second by ' Don Marcelino Calero ' of Madrid. 



CANGE, CHARLES D. S. DU. [DUCAKGE.] 



CANNING, GEORGE, was born on the llth of April 1770, in the 

 parish of Marylebone, London. His descent on the paternal side was 

 from an ancient family, his ancestors having figured at different periods 

 at Bristol, in Warwickshire, and in Ireland. 



Canning's father died in 1771, when his son was only a year old. 

 His mother, who was afterwards twice married, lived to see her son 

 occupy a high post in the government. The expense of his education 

 was defrayed in part by his paternal uncle, a merchant in the city of 

 London. George Canning was first sent to Hyde Abbey school, near 

 Winchester, whence he was removed to Eton. He had bea;un to write 

 English verses when very young, and at Eton, in his sixteenth year, 

 he formed the plan of a periodical work called ' The Microcosm,' 

 which was written by himself and three schoolfellows, and published 

 at Windsor in weekly numbers from November 1786 to Augmt 1787. 

 In October 1787 Mr. Canning was entered as a student of Christ 

 Church, Oxford, where he gained some academical honours by his 

 Latin poetry, and cultivated that talent for oratory which he had 

 begun to display at Eton. At Oxford he made tho acquaintance of 

 Mr. Jenkinson, afterwards Earl of Liverpool, who is supposed to have 

 been of service to him in the political career on which he entered 

 immediately after leaving college. His colleze vacations were chiefly 

 passed in the house of Mr. Sheridan, who introduced him to Burke, 

 Fox, Lord John Townsend, the Duchess of Devonshire, and other 

 lea/ling persons, who were almost exclusively of the Whig party iu 

 politics. It has generally been stated that it was by the advice of 

 Sheridan that Mr. Canning, who had entered of Lincoln's Inn, gave up 

 the study of the law, and devoted himself to a political career. From 

 his intimate connexion with Sheridan it was expected that he had 

 fully adopted that gentleman's political opinions, and would join the 

 opposition ; but Mr. Canning accepted the proposals of the Tory party, 

 and was brought into parliament by Mr. Pitt in 1793. Here his first 

 care was to make himself well acquainted with the forms ami usages 

 of the House of Commons, and he prudently refrained from speaking 

 during the first session that he sat in parliament. In January 1794 

 he first ventured to address the house ; and although he rather too 

 obviously imitated the style and manner of Burke, ho showed such 

 powers as commanded respect and general attention. The subject of 

 the debate on which he spoke was a treaty (coupled with a subsidy 

 from England) with the king of Sardinia to enable his majesty to 

 resist the invasion of Piedmont by the French. During that session 

 and the session of 1795 Mr. Canning spoke frequently, and at timcj 

 was left by Mr. Pitt to bear the brunt of a formidable debate. At this 

 time he supported the temporary suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, 

 and declared himself against parliamentary reform, a declaration 

 which he repeated on several occasions up to the latest period of his 

 career. 



In 1799 Mr. Canning became under-secretary of state, and at the 

 general election in that year he was returned for the treasury borough 

 of Wendover, Bucks. In 1798 he exerted himself in favour of Mr. 

 Wilberforcs's motion for the abolition of the slave-trade; and in a 

 speech which produced a very considerable effect in the house, he 

 replied to Mr. Tierney's motion for recommending George III. to 

 make peace with the French republic, then in the full career of conquest 

 and spoliation. In the autumn of 1797 Mr. Canning, in conjunction 

 with Mr. John Hookham Frere, Mr. Jenkinson, Mr. George Ellis, Lord 

 Clare, Lord Mornington (afterwards Marquis of Wellesley), and one or 

 two other social and political friends, started a paper styled ' The 

 Anti-Jacobin,' the object of which was to attack the journalists and 

 other writers of the day who advocated or were supposed to advocata 

 the doctrines of the French revolution. Mr. Gifford was appointed 

 editor of this weekly paper, but Canning wrote the prospectus, and 

 from its commencement in November 1797 to its close in 1798, he 

 contributed largely to it. Some of the best of the poetry, burlesques, 

 and jeux-d'esprit wore from his pen. (' Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin,' 

 1 vol. Svo.) 



When the subject of the Irish uniou was brought before parliament, 

 Mr. Canning repeatedly spoke at great length and with much effect 

 m support of that measure. In 1799 he was appointed one of the 

 commissioners for managing the affairs of India. In 1800 he married 

 Joanna, the youngest daughter of General John Scott of Balcomie, an 



