MARSHAL 



CANTONI, 81MONE. 



awl breodth of **yl* of the hast iwtaettoB. of the 

 this to ha the case (swtiomhviy m torn* of hi* 

 atiU hi* work* evince so great a progress in art. 

 sod 'away rcapxw approach ao much DMT* Dearly than those that 

 had (or a loag period pr.csdid them, to the excellence of ancient 

 aviator*, that i'noa mu*t he confeaead to ho one of the great 

 lojsoii.lni nfllii nrt ; aad hi* name aa the restorrr of a purer *tyle 

 ofdeaagn, will alwaj. ho held in honour by those who wish to wo 

 soalptore proeUsed naoa true principle*. Several of the more impor- 

 taat *. of Canov. an in thi. ooBBtr*. Of the** in ooUeoUooi 

 OMB to the |ble. the 6*est are in the admirable gallery of tbe liuke 

 of Pawcnihre at ChaUworth. where, among other* ar. tbe seated 

 of the mother of Napoleon, a noble oolcceal bust of Napoleon, a 

 ag Kodjuuon,' a -Hebe,' *c.. becidse copies in marble and 

 tret* the ootoal UOM on Caoova. monument to Clement X 1 V., 

 anting MirM- :' we may add that in the aame rich col- 

 a sot of the great sculptor', modelling tools, and an 

 otofCaaorabyUinaldi. 



end MM ' 



For farther particakn of Caaova's life and work*, see chiefly 

 CbogBan. atertaTatoUsi Semltmn, torn, ill ; and Misairini, V,ta Ji 

 Cwawmx Svo. 



UKRT. FRANCOIS CERTAIN HE, waa born of a good 

 family, in Ilntuny. in 1600; and wm* scot, at the age of seventeen, to 

 receive his m.htary educatioo at Saint Cyr. In 18SO be began hi* 

 career a* a soldier, kavis* enlisted as a private. But his excellent 

 conduct, hie dJotJnoiAed bravery, and hi* general aptitude carried 

 him rapidly through the lower grades ; be soon rose to the rank of 

 neaaJ lieutenant, and in 1835 ho wont to serve in Africa. During 

 the war in the Una country, hi* sealous performance of hi* duties 

 WM onojapirnrms. he wee warmly praised by bis seniors in command, 

 aad mode a captain. At the storming of Constantine, be was one of 

 the tret who enured the breach, in which exploit be was severely 

 woaaded ; the decoration of tbe Legion of Honour was awarded to 

 him at thi* period. In 1846 he waa raised to the rank of lieutenant- 

 nnarasl. and with hi* regiment took part in several expeditious. At 

 length ha commanded a regiment of Zouave* against the Kabyles, 

 whom he defeated in several encounters. 



In 1*50, he was created a brigadier-general, and soon after he was 

 dared ed to maks hi* way through the ragged and rocky country of 

 Xarah. a duty which, despite the nature of the country, and the 

 lomraflsr of iu wild and savage occupants, he with his Zouaves sucoes- 

 fully and speedily accomplished. In 1852, the Emperor Napoleon 

 111 . who** eye had for some time been fixed upon him, appointed him 

 OB* of hi* aide-de-camp*. The following year he became a general of 

 division. 



In 1*54, when the French army under Manbal St. Arnaud, was 

 aw* to the Crimea, the command of tbe First Division was entrusted 

 to O spiral Canrobert. At the battle of the Alma he was present with 

 his divuiur, and was wounded by the splinter of a shell. The rising 

 fame of Boaqoet had already begun to eciipee that of the other French 

 eommaaxUrs, so that in this action, as in that which followed, the 

 name of Caniobert did Dot obtain the fint distinction. After the 

 death of Manhal St. Arnaud, Canrobert, in accordance with the 

 Btoihine direction* of the emperor, took the chief command of tbe 

 French army, being then only 44. Although wounded at Inkermaun, 

 on the ilh of November, he continued to fight like a common 

 soldier at the bead of hie Zouaves, and bad a bone killed under him. 

 Mag mm* aoon after bsgan to be heard in both the allied armies at 

 tbe slow program of the aif* of Sebestopol. and the talent* of both 

 Imaan vrrc qamliuaiil. The spirit of Canrobert wa* wounded, and 

 ho fcaigBsd la 1U* the chief command to hi* own subordinate 



Oaaaral feliaaier, hat whether of hie own accord or l.y directions of 

 the eaaawrar has not Uea publicly stated. However that may be. be 

 raaetoteJ the oanmsnd of bis old division, and continued to serve 

 with nnabated ami. Compelled at length to return to France to 

 ream* hie health, he took up his abode at Paris, The birth of an 

 heir to the imperial throne on the 16th of March 1856 afforded 

 KayeUna III. a (raetoa* opportanity ofehoiog bii high sense of the 

 s*r*iees of Oeoml Cearcbirt. by creating him a marshal 



Equally aneesaej in private, as in public life, no man poeeaass more 

 of U*t ware* goodHMlure which i* so engaging in the true soldier. 

 IVWfa; fevev * /Vie.) 



CANT AKIN 



AHI-.V1.HI 



aad ia> his 



ru.) 

 d II 



called II PfcarcM, was born at Peaaro, 

 youth wa* the scholar of Pandolfi ; but be after- 

 ward* ehuce Ouido Real fur bi* master, and lived some time with him 

 IB sMogaa, He very .Wily showed himself to be a formidable rival 

 to Otdo himself; hat h* wa* of such a contemptuous and 

 that h* made eoemie* of all the painters at 



i eUyaaatloa. 



, ead f other people too, so that be became at length neglected 

 lawoeiedby the Bclagaii.. and be accordingly Mtlimle&oom- 

 BologM. Ho removed to Kerne, obtained a high 

 wwaiai ere, and in some rospeeta, wproially in graoe of con- 

 OsftiPBy wna tuoonuosed to be Miprrior to hi* master Ouido : even 

 Ceeja>t aUlraaia, btsMe4f a Botogwer, styiee Cantarini the best oolourist 

 ad the vm^stdnocfatMSMi of the wrmteeoth century. Afterapanding 

 OMW USM u Koene, ho retoned to Boloiraa, and opened a school 

 then* which however he gave op shortly afWwarda, upon receiving 

 I (rm the Ihike of Maotoa to vfcit that city. At Mantua, 



by hie arrogance and the depreciation of other*, be very soon dis- 

 rated the artists of that place, and he finally quarrelled with the 

 duke himself, about a portrait with which the duke waa not sa' 

 From Mantua, be w<-nt to Verona, where he diod, in 1648, aged only 

 tliirtt -*ix, under the suspicion of having been poisoned. 



iVnUrini was certainly a great painter, as far as execution could 

 make him such; in the extremities be lias had few rivals; h showed 

 also great mastery in the general management of the nude ; in draperies 

 he was not so niooeeiful. He painted a few altar-pieces, several 

 holy families, and many portrait*, in which he waa admirable. There 

 is a head of tiuido. when old, by Cantirini, in the gallery of Bologna, 

 which has perhaps seldom been equalled. His masterpieces sre, 

 'Sant* Antonio' at the Franciscan* at Csgli; 'San Jaoopo,' in the 

 church of that saint at Uiuiiui ; a ' Magdalene ' at the Philippines ; a 

 'San Domenico ' at the Predicant*, and several others, especially the 

 portrait of a young nun, at Peearo. He etched also several plate* in a 

 masterly manner, some of which are sold as the works of GuiHo. 



(Ualvaaia, Pelrina fillrict ; Lanxi, Sloria Pittortca, <tc. ; Bartscb, 

 Ptivtrt-Qravtw.) 



l ANTKMIH, DEMETRIUS, was born in 1073 of a family origi- 

 nally from Little Tartary. His father was governor of Moldavia, and 

 Demetrius obtained of the Porte the same office in 1710. But differ- 

 ences arose between him and the grand vizier, in consequence of which 

 Cantemir entered into negotiations with Peter the Great, and revolted 

 against the Porte. After Peter's retreat in 1711 be was obliged to 

 quit Moldavia and to accompany the Russian army. Peter gave him 

 iu compensation lands in the Ukraine, and created him a prince of the 

 Russian empire. Cantemir died on bis entate in the Ukraine in 

 He left several works : History of the Origin and of the Decay of 

 the Ottoman Empire,' written originally in Latin, and translated both 

 into French and English ; ' On the State of Moldavia,' with a ump of 

 the country ; ' History of Moldavia, Ancient and Modern,' in the 

 Moldavian language; 'Introduction to the Music of the Turks;' 

 ' System of the Mohammedan Religion,' written in the Russian lan- 

 guage, and dedicated to Pet r the Great Cantemir was acquainted 

 with many languages ; he was also a member of the Acndemy of 

 Berlin. Hit son Antiochus was Russian ambassador at Paris, where 

 he died young in 1744. He wrote several works in Russian ; bin 

 ' Satires ' were translated into French by the Ablx ; Gnasco. 



CANTON, JOHN, waa born at Stroud, July 31, 1718. Some 

 advances made by him in mathematics and experimental philosophy 

 induced his father to send him to London, in 1737. He then articled 

 himself for five year* to the master of a school, with whom he after- 

 wards went into partnership, and in this profession he spent his life. 



On the invention of the Leyden phial he turned bia attention 

 particularly to electricity, and various discoveries of his not suffi- 

 ciently marked to require biographical notice, though evincing great 

 ingenuity, will be found in the references at the end of this Article. 

 He was the first who in England verified Dr. Franklin's idea of the 

 similarity of lightning and electric fluid (July 1762). He was then a 

 member of the Council of the Royal Society, of which, in 1751, he 

 received the gold medal for lii-t* method of making artificial magnets. 

 In a paper communicated in 1753 be announced the discovery (which 

 Franklin made about the same time) of clouds being in different 

 states of electricity. In the following year he found that the quality 

 of the electrical excitement made by rubbing any given substance 

 depended on the rubber, as well aa on the other substance. The 

 common pith-ball electrometer, and the amalgam of tin and mercury 

 use.l for the increase of the action of the rubber, are due to him. In 

 1762 he demonstrated the compressibility of water, in opposition to 

 the well-known Florentine experiment. His experiment was repeated 

 in the pretence of a committee of the Royal Society, and a second gold 

 medal was awarded to him in 1765. In 1769 he communicated expe- 

 riment* in proof that the luminous appearance of the sea arises from 

 the presence of decomposed animal matter. He died March 22, 1772. 

 There is a life of him by his eon in Kippis's ' Biographia lirilannica,' 

 abridged in Button's mathematical dictionary. Ilia papers are in the 

 ' Philosophical Transactions,' and he communicated some new exprri- 

 mente for Priestley's ' Histories of Electrical and Optical Discoveries.' 



CANTO'NI, SIM ONE, a recent Milanese architect of considerable 

 note, was born at Maggio, a small village in the north of Italy, and 

 received his first instruction in architecture from his father Pietro, 

 who waa of that profession, and did a good deal at Genoa. Ho after- 

 ward* went to Rome for further improvement, and on his return 

 settled at Milan, where the first work of any note he was employed 

 upon was the Palazzo Mellerio. Two other noble mansions afterwards 

 erected by him in tbe same city are the Casa Perticati nnd the Palazzo 

 Serbdloni, tbe former of which baa engaged columns of the Ionic 

 order, with Caryatid figures over them, against the attic ; and the 

 facade of the other (finished 1794) is remarkable for having granite 

 columns and pilasters. Among various other work*, he erected the 

 Seminary and Lyceum at Como, the Villa Rainmudi near the same 

 town, the Palazzo Vailetti at Bergamo, and the church at Gorgunzolu, 

 between Brrgamo and Milan. On tbe destruction of the Great 

 Council Hall in tbe Ducal Palace at Genoa by fire, in November 1777. 

 Cantoni was employed to rebuild it, which he did with ability and 

 ta<te, and in such a manner as to secure it from any similar accident 

 in future. Milizia, who notices this circumstance in his ' Life of 



