81 



CARLISLE, SIR ANTHONY. 



CARLOS, DON. 





compared with the price of provisions at different epochs. He treats 

 also of the commerce of bullion, and of the frequent alterations and 

 deteriorations which took place in the weight and intrinsic value of 

 the currency : he considers the whole subject both in its economical 

 and legal aspect. 



Carli was appointed president of the new council of commerce and 

 public economy established at Milan as well as of the board of public 

 studies. In these capacities he repaired to Vienna in 1765 to confer 

 with the minister Kaunitz, and was received at court with great 

 distinction. When Joseph II. went to Milan in 1769 he appointed 

 Carli his privy-councillor, and it was at Carli's suggestion that the 

 emperor finally abolished the tribunal of the Inquisition, which had 

 existed at Milan for centuries. In 1771 Carli was made president of 

 the new council of finances, which made useful reforms in that branch 

 of administration. His labours having seriously impaired his health, 

 he resigned the presidency of the council of commerce, and devoted 

 his time chiefly to complete his 'Antichitfi Italiche,' which appeared 

 in 1788, 5 vols. 4to. Notwithstanding its general name the work is 

 chiefly engrossed by the antiquities of Istria. Carli being now old 

 and infirm, the emperor Leopold II. restored to him the whole of the 

 emoluments which he had enjoyed when in the full exercise of his 

 office. He lived some years longer, and died in February 1795, leaving 

 behind him the reputation of an enlightened economist, a learned 

 arcliieologiat, and a virtuous magistrate. He published many other 

 works, among which are ' Ragionamento sopra i Bilanci economic! 

 delle Nazioni,' in which Carli asserted, against the then received 

 opinion of the economists, that the balance of trade between nation 

 and nation proved little or nothing as to the real prosperity of each ; 

 ' Sul libero Commercio del Grani," addressed to Pompeo Nero in 1771, 

 in which he combated the general application of the principle of the 

 freedom of the corn trade under all circumstances ; ' Relazione sul 

 Censimento dello otato di Milano; ' ' Lettere Americane,' in which he 

 investigates the antiquities of America. In his ' L'Uomo Libero, ossia 

 Ragionamento sulla Liberta Naturale e Civile dell' Uomo,' he combats 

 Rousseau's theory of natural liberty : this is perhaps the best refuta- 

 tion of the ' Central Social.' He wrote also ' Saggio sulla Toscana,' 

 ' Delia Patria degli Italiani,' ' Indole del Teatro Tragico,' besides many 

 dissertations on classical subjects, on the triremes, on the Argonauts, 

 on Hesiod's Theogony, on the geography of the ancients, &c. He like- 

 wise wrote a defence of Paolo Vergerio, bishop of Capo d'Istria, who 

 was condemned as a heretic by Pope Paul III. ; a refutation of Tarta- 

 rotti, who even in Carli's time asserted the existence of sorcery; 

 several poetical compositions, and a letter on the gout, in which he 

 describes a new remedy which he had discovered for that disease. 

 Carli's works were published in 19 vols. Svo, Milan, 1784-94, exclu- 

 sive of his ' Italian Antiquities.' He left also many works in 

 manuscript. 



CARLISLE, SIR ANTHONY, surgeon, was born near Durham, in 

 the year 1768. He commenced his professional education with an 

 uncle at York, and thence he was transferred to Durham, where he 

 remained for some time under the instruction of Mr. Green, the 

 founder of the hospital in that city. Having finished his preparatory 

 studies he repaired to London, and attended the lectures of the 

 Hunters, Dr. Baillie, and Mr. Cruikshank. He was at the same time 

 pupil to Mr. \VaUon, then surgeon to the Westminster Hospital. On 

 the death of Mr. Watson in 1793, Mr. Carlisle waa appointed his 

 successor. He became a member of the College of Surgeons, and was 

 early appointed one of the council of that body. He was for many 

 years on the Hoard of Examiners, and one of the curators of the 

 Huuterian Museum. He also held the appointment of Professor of 

 Surgery and Anatomy, and iu 1829 he filled the office of President. 

 He was appointed Surgeon Extraordinary to George IV., when he 

 was Prince Regent, and was knighted by him at the first lev<5c he 

 held as king. He was also surgeon to the late Duke of Gloucester, 

 to whom he was introduced by the learned Dr. Samuel Parr. In 

 1808, on the death of Mr. Sheldon, he was appointed Professor of 

 Anatomy to the Royal Academy, an office he held for sixteen years. 



Sir Anthony Carlisle owed his position to the activity and industry 

 with which In; pursued the various departments of science connected 

 with his profession. His early acquaintance with John Hunter gave 

 him a taste for comparative anatomy, which he pursued with much 

 ardour, and many of his earlier literary productions were on this subject. 

 One of his first papers was ' A Case of an unusual Formation in a 

 part of the Brain,' which was printed in the ' Transactions ' of a 

 ' Society for the Improvement of Medical and Surgical Knowledge' iu 

 1793. To the second volume of the 'Transactions of the Limuean 

 Society,' published in 1794, he contributed a paper entitled 'Observa- 

 tions upon the Structure and Economy of those Intestinal Worms 

 called Tamiao.' In 1800 he wag admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society, 

 and contributed a paper to the ' Philosophical Transactions ' of that 

 year, entitled ' An Account of a peculiar Arrangement in the Arteries 

 distributed on the Muscles of slow-moving Animals.' There are 

 several other anatomical and physiological papers by him in the 

 'Philosophical Transactions:' 'An Account of a monstrous Lamb,' 

 1801 ; ' The Physiology of the Stapes,' 1805 ; ' Account of a Family 

 having hxndi and feet with supernumerary fingers and toes,' 1814. 

 After the paper on the distribution of the blood-vessels in the slow- 

 moving aniinals, bia attention was directed U> tho connection between 



the circulation of the blood and the action of the muscles, and iu 1804 

 he gave the Croonian lecture on ' Muscular Motion.' 



To medical literature more especially Sir Anthony made many con- 

 tributions. One of the first was ' On the Nature of Corns and the 

 mode of removing them,' published in Simmons's ' Medical Facts and 

 Observations," 1797 ; ' A New Method of applying the Tourniquet ' 

 ('Lond. Med. and Phys. Journal"), 1797;_'0n the general and indis- 

 criminate use of Bougies,' Ibid. 1800 ; ' Letter to Sir Gilbert Blane on 

 Blisters, Rubefacients, and Escharotics, giving an account of the em- 

 ployment of an instrument adapted to transmit a defined degree of 

 heat to effect those several purposes,' London, 1826. In 1817 ho 

 published a larger work entitled ' Essay on the Disorders of Old Age 

 and the means of prolonging Human Life,' 4to, London ; a second 

 edition waa published in Svo in 1818. In 1829 Sir Anthony published 

 ' An Alleged Discovery of the Use of the Spleen and Thyroid Gland." 



During his connection with the College of Surgeons he delivered 

 two of the Hunterian orations one in 1820 and one in 1826. The 

 first was on the constitution of organised bodies, and the second on 

 the connection between vascular and extra-vascular parts. One of his 

 last papers on medical subjects was published in the ' London Medical 

 Gazette' in 1828, ' On Erysipelas.' He died in London, on the 2nd of 

 November 1840. 



He published numerous other papers : two on plants, iu the ' Horti- 

 cultural Transactions ; ' two ou antiquities, in the ' Archajologia ; ' on 

 the breeding of eels, and the health of workmen in sewers, in the 

 ' Philosophical Magazine ; ' on the decomposition of eggs, iu ' Nichol- 

 son's Journal;' and on cathartics, the bite of vipers, the venereal 

 disease, &c , in the 'New Medical and Physical Journal' One of tho 

 most remarkable of his papers on general subjects was one oil 

 ' Galvanic Electricity,' in ' Nicholson's Journal,' in which he first 

 pointed out the fact that water might be decomposed by tho galvanic 

 battery. He was also a frequent contributor to the newspapers, and 

 letters of his appeared in the ' Times ' on the salt-duties, the import- 

 ance of salt to the health of human beings, military flogging, hygeian 

 quackery, inan-midwifery, &c. 



CARLOS, DON. [PHILIP II.J 



CARLOS, DON (Count de Molina), Infaute of Spain, and pretender 

 to the Spanish throne, was the second son of Carlos IV. of Spain, and 

 was born on the 29th of March 1788. Left chiefly in the hands of 

 priests, to whom the superintendence of his education had been en- 

 trusted, Don Carlos remained iu comparative obscurity during the 

 domination of Godoy. On the first abdication of his father aud the 

 accession of his brother Ferdinand VII., Don Carlos was sent to meet 

 Bonaparte, who had announced his intention to visit Spaiu. The 

 young prince was inveigled beyond the French provinces, and made in 

 effect a prisoner, and Ferdinand, like his brother, soon found himself 

 also in the hands of the French. Bonaparte next compelled the weak 

 ex-monarch of Spaiu to proceed to Bayonne, aud refusing to acknow- 

 ledge his former abdication, forced him first to resume the crown, and 

 then, for himself and his posterity, to "abdicate all claims to the 

 Spanish kingdom in favour of his ally the Emperor of the French." 

 In this renunciation, after a strenuous opposition, Don Carlos, as well 

 as Ferdinand, was compelled to joiu. The brothers were sent to Prince 

 Talleyrand's house at Vallenay, where they were detained prisoners, 

 though treated with great respect, till 1813, when Napoleon restored 

 them to liberty and Ferdinand to the throne of Spain. 



When, after the suppression of the constitutional party by the 

 French invasion under the Due d'Angouleme, Ferdinand appeared 

 inclined to adopt a somewhat more moderate policy, the absolutists 

 turned their attention towards Don Carlos, and determined if possible 

 to raise him to the throne. A conspiracy of a formidable character 

 was organised, and an insurrection broke out in Catalonia in 1825, but 

 was repressed by the vigorous measures of the Count d'Espaua. 



Don Carlos had himself taken no open share in the insurrectionary 

 movements of his partisans. He was heir to the throne, and it is 

 probable he was anxious not to endanger his succession by a premature 

 declaration. His hope of legal succession was however quickly dis- 

 pelled. Ferdinand had been three times married without having auy 

 children, but by his fourth wife, Christina, he had in October 1830 u 

 daughter, Isabella, the present queen of Spain. By the aucient laws 

 of Spain females could inherit the crown in default of male issue ; but 

 the Salic law of France had been introduced with the Bourbons, and 

 females continued to be excluded from the throne till 1789, when 

 Carlos IV. abrogated the restriction, and restored the ancient rule of 

 succession. In 1812 however the Cortes re-established the Salic 

 law, and Don Carlos was therefore still the heir-presumptive to the 

 throne. But Ferdinand now issued a decree which annulled the 

 provision of the Cortes, and restored tho order of succession in the 

 female line. Don Carlos protested, but remained quiet His partizans 

 however throughout the kingdom prepared for the struggle which the 

 weak state of the ki'.g's health showed to be uot very distant. In 

 September 1833 Ferdinand was believed by himself and those about 

 him to be dying, and the feeble king, terrified at the mischiefs which 

 he was assured would result from the measure which excluded his 

 brother from the throne, and acting on the advice of his favourite 

 minister Calomarde, signed a decree by which he restored the Salic 

 law. [CALOMARDE.] Ferdinaud however rallied, and was easily 

 induced by his sister-in-law to destroy thu evidence yf his recent 



