CARPI, UOO DA. 



CARPINI, JOHANNES DE PLANO. 



boa* thombl advbabb to separate UM Oanaral from th* 

 life Pkyriokcr, and la 1954 a volume ontitted tb. -Princi- 



. CompariuvT^v-Wogy ' wa. publbbexL Thbbtob. 



fcsfcwil by UM 'PrincipU* of G-neral PhyaWogy/ in one volume. 

 TaV two work* wU Uiaialbn b. tb*ocforth publbbod M thrre indo- 

 sMsMWIfolnaM^oofBarUaffUMwhoUrangoof biolotioal sdio. 



ThaM work* or. a eyclo t dia in UMOM.IVM, and indicate not only 

 a Urg. amount of UbonTltoUMlr production, but a vast extent of 

 BiJul iai<llsl and naatrch. Such work, might will have occupied 

 a lifctiBM. Bat UMM or* only a portion of Dr. Carpenter's labours; 

 for ha hat baas a anastaat contributor to UM ' Cyetopssdi* of Anatomy 

 awl PhyaWogv,' whar* ma. of UM moat important articUs-as those 

 oa ' Ufa.' 'Mbrosoopa,' 'Nutrition,' 'Sanction,' 'Sleep,' 'Smell, 

 Ta*te/ Touch/ and "Vsri slits of Mankind 'ore from hi* pen. Such 

 a writer most b* a eritie ; and a* a cntic Dr. Carpenter ha* exposed 

 ilBnilfl UM enmity of men IMS gifted than himarlf. and ha ha* boon 

 saaegul a. a pbgbrist, and a m*r compiler. Thb however b not 

 too*. If Dr. Carpenter had dan* nothing more than publish hi. 

 papsr. oa UM 'Structure of Shell./ and the ' Correlation of Vital and 

 rhytical Fore**,' b* would hav. stood high a. a man of science. In 

 OB anrwir to tab chart*, in UM preface to the third edition of his 

 Ocnarol and Comparative Physiology/ b. claims the following fact* 

 and dortrinn as bb own : 



1. Tb. mutual oannootion of th* vital force* and their relation to 

 UM phvaieaL Thb dootrine b fully developed in a paper on the 

 Mutual tUUtiaa. of UM Vital and Physios! Forces,' in the ' Philo 

 tfphknl Tr.axntinni ' for 1850. 



JLTha ganaml doctrine that UM truly vital operations of the 

 animal a. wall a. UM vajotablo organism are performod by the agency 

 of Bntraatformad o>IU, which was first developed in an ' Euay on the 

 Origia and Function* of Cell*, 1 published in the ' British and Foreign 

 Medical Rvrbw* for 1843. 



X Tb. orgtBie .truotur. of UM ahells of .Voilutfa, EcKinodermata, 

 and Crmtunt, of which a full account b contained in the < Reports 

 of UM British AsaooiaWon' for 1844 and 1847. 



4. Tb* application of Von Bar', law of development from the general 

 to UM speolaX to UM interpretation of the .ucoession of organic forms 

 piMBtod ia geological Urn*. 



5. Tho relation between the two methods of reproduction, that by 



i aad that by sexual union, with the application of this 

 i to UM pkBcmsna of th. to-called ' alternations of generations' 

 i UM 'Britbh and Foreign Medico-Cbirurgical Review' 

 klM 



& The relation hitman the different methods of sexual reproduction 

 ia abate, fast developed in UM ' British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical 

 Bavbw' for 1849. 



7. Th* application of UM doctrine of reflex action to the nervous 

 system of /.lisla, specially articulated animals, first developed 

 in UM .uthor'. print Uxab published in 1839. 



8. Tb* functional relation, of UM sansory ganglia to the spinal cord 

 on UM OM bond, and to UM eanbral hemispheres on the other. 



IB addition to UM work* above mentioned, Dr. Carpenter has 



Impartiality hi. other writing*; and undoubtedly deserves a high 

 position .sifinfrt works devoted to on account of the structure and 

 MB of 1Kb hMtramol Henna*, bos been mode to Dr. Carpenter's 

 mm M UM rtrootaiv of abalb, Tbi* bos led him to investigate 

 MM family of small anatuiai known by the name of foraminifera. 

 H. bw alraady pablbhed a*vml paper, on the fosml forms of this 

 ksaOv.oad b prspariag a work on UM ttructnre, functions, and 

 Uatorj of tab groac o? iaisnil , for publication by the Ray Sot 

 Dr. CarpMMr for maay jmn edited the llrituh and Foreign Medioo- 



Chirwgiaal R*vfow , bat wbiUt thiw occupied with writing he ha* also 

 P*****"* <!" <rf MOtorer. H* b profeowr of medical jurispru- 

 taw 11 Univenitv OolMga, London; Uctarer on MMral anatomy 

 and lVH.i"7 * London HoapHol School of Medicine ; and an 

 P7io>ogy and ompumtiv* anatomy In the Univenity of 

 Dr. OsrpwiW was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society 

 lw Or- OaTM-tor gained a prU. of 100 guinea. onW 

 ** "" " **" " a '* c * * ' AI <>Mo LJnom' Hb omy 



840UBO.T 



a^MM L^HBsr*.1**L *! *\4V i .wtassul 



^w ^*j**r^ asaWl slB7|tlWQ 



wa* *4opt UM prineipl. f total al 

 II haTbaMi shM.Tmar.a 



MtU of Ik. UM a Abus, of 



pttotod. 



kVa 



from intox'icating'drink*. 



OAMPL UOO DA, a -Wbroted old Italian wood engraver, w 

 lB*U early part of UM lthoitury, and ha* tb* crrdit in 

 havbui ban UM in vator of printing hi light aad iha<i* with 

 '*" Saswaif a *r9BBsiaaa* of hUUfe i. known b*vond th 



that ki. 



, who livci! 

 , ----- la Italy o! 

 light and ohad* with wooden 

 fals known boyond the abov. 



at ki. (atW WM Qmat A*tolfo di Cankho; though it ho* been 

 ' J7jJf! ^* *""" " wh ' t ulho '<*y. that h WM born about 

 If** aaa Mri aboat 1*30 : it b only ccrtam that he floariahed In the 



*, If nu "7- Kro h " t would appear that 

 iW* *. M bdHmtod ; h, ^m, to W lived 

 i II* wo. ako a pointer ^i ^^ .uOwritM* 



hi. tb. a>hokr of PaMubm. oibm UM oshokr of RaflbeDe. In 



tainting however be did very little ; only one of hit pictures ia recorded, 

 St. Veronica between St Peter and St. Paul,' and Uut for the following 

 singular iiueription upon it : ' Ugo da Carpi ha fatto que>ta pittura 

 Muta peiiuello ; chi non lo erode si beoca il oervello ' (' Ugo da Carpi 



utrd this picture without a brush; who doe* not believe it may 

 tch hi* head '). He painted it with his finger. It is itill preserved 

 n the neriity of St PeUYs at Rome, and when it wa ahown to Michel 

 Ingclo he coolly remarked, " It would have bnen a much better picture 

 ifhehadiuedabruah." 



Heioeken and Bortsch describe thirty-one of Ugo's prints, but only 

 tome of these have hi* name to them. It is difficult therefore to 

 dentify his cut*, because Andreani and Antonio da Trento engraved 

 n a similar style, and also published many print* without their names. 

 Ugo's print* are very scarce, and nearly all after Raffiielle and Parme- 

 ;iano : some of them are very large. They are generally well drawn, 

 md executed with perfect understanding of the light and shade : the 

 earliest date upon them is 1518. Vasari, in the ' Life of Harcantonio,' 

 mentions as among his masterpieces 'Diogenes and his Tub,' after 

 'unnegiano ; and ' JSneoa bearing away Anohise*,' after Raffaelle. 1 1 

 used generally three blocks : one for the outline, another for the 

 middle tints, in which the high light* were cut out, and the third for 

 ;he shadows. 



CARPI'NI, JOHANNES DE PLANO. Early biographers and 

 listorian* are so silent with regard to thin remarkable monk of the 

 13th century, that we can neither discover the time nor the place of 

 lis birth. Indeed little is known of him except through his own 

 account of his travels, and this account was probably not all written 

 )y himself. The probabilities are that he wan born at a village in the 

 province of Capitanata, in the kingdom of Naples (Piano di Carpino), 

 ibout 1210. He became n friar of the order of St. Francis, or of the 

 Minorites an order which was then recently established, ami which 

 was distinguished in its earlier stages by the zealous, enterprising, and 

 'earless spirit of its members. In 1246, when Europe was thrown into 

 consternation by the irruptions of the Mongols, who had ravaged 

 Russia, Poland, Hungary, and other countries, Pope Innocent IV., 

 after holding a grand council of the church at Lyou (1245), resolved 

 /> send legates to these formidable conquerors, in order to pacify 

 them, and if possible to convert them to the Christian faith. For this 

 purpose six monks or friars were selected from the new and severe 

 orders, namely, two from the Franciscan order and four from the 

 Dominican order. Johannes de Piano Carpini (a* his name is Latinised) 

 appears to have been the first chosen by the pope, on account of hi* 

 abilities and courage ; and his companion, a monk of his own order, 

 was one Benedict, a Pole, whose knowledge of some of the north-eastern 

 countries of Europe was very useful These two friars were instructed 

 to take their route through Bohemia, Poland, and Russia, and then 

 by the north of the Caspian Sea. The other four friars, Asceline and 

 Alexander, Albert and Simon de St. Quintin, were ordered to proceed 

 through Syria, Persia, and Khorassan by the south of the Caspian 

 Sea. The most fearful accounts prevailed of the ferocity and indomit- 

 able courage of these Asiatic invaders. A letter had been recently 

 circulated, written by one Yvo of Narbona, or Narbonne, to the Arch- 

 bishop of Bordeaux, containing the confession of an Englishman (who 

 had lived among them), touching the barbarous demeanour of these 

 Tartars. The Englishman, according to his confession, or ace. 

 to this letter, had been perpetually banished out of the realm of Ki i 

 for certain notorious crimes, and had betaken himself to the Holy Laud. 

 Not long after his banishment, being at Aoou (Aciv, or St. Ji ! fm 

 d'Acre), and thirty years old, ho there lost all his money at dice. 

 Then, having nothing but a shirt of sackcloth, a pair of shoes, and a 

 hair-cap, and being shaven like a fool, he set out on his travels through 

 Syria and Asia Minor ; and, to prosper the better, he feigned idiotcy 

 and dumbness, for idiots have been at all times objects of superstitious 

 reverence with the Turks ; and the pretence of being dumb aided in 

 concealing the fact that he was a Giaour, or Christian. After long 

 wandering he fell among the Mongol Tartars, learned their language, 

 and went with them when they began to march upon Europe. Tlio 

 horde which he followed was defeated and driven back by a mighty 

 army collected by the Duke of Austria, the Duke of Bohemia, the 

 patriarch of Aquileio, and others, including the Prince of Dalmatia, 

 who took eight prisoners, and among them this strange Englishman. 

 The letter describes our countryman as being " somewhat learnod," 

 and as having been employed as interpreter and ambassador by the 

 Tartars in their communications with the Christian princes. The 

 account this man gave to his captors was flimsy and very short, and 

 full of horror and exaggeration. Matthew Paris records this famous 

 Utter under the date of the year 1243. 



But the intrepid monks of the two new orders were not deterred 

 by any prospect of danger. "And although," says the introductory 

 epistle to the travels of Carpini and his comrade friar Benedict, " wo 

 personally dreaded from theso Tartars nnd other nations that we 

 might be slain or reduced to perpetual slavery, or should suffer 

 hunger and thirst, the extremes of heat and cold, reproach, an 1 

 excessive fatigue beyond our strength (all of which, except death ::n.t 

 captivity, we have endured, even beyond our first fears) ; yet did w.- 

 not sparo ourselves, in order that we might obey the will < 

 according to the orders of our lord the pope, and that wo might be 

 useful in some things to the Christian*, or at least, that the will and 



