CARRKL, ARMAtf D KICOLA& 



CARSTARF.3, WILLIAM. 



I 



N| Carrart Pap|fava. After two month* Mar- 

 Jaoopo II.. n-phcw oT the fir-t Jaoopo. Thi 

 II. WM kuneiU nrdered by rUUre la 1S50. and wu iuc- 

 by hk brother Jaeopino. jointly with Francesco hi. nephew, 

 m of Jaeopo II. KraooMco da Carrara bring at the head of the 

 troop*. erre.ted hi* unrU in 1S45. and confined him in a fortraea. He 

 UMI remained sole lord of Padua. Hi. reign wai eventful. He wai 

 > UM bead of UM Lombard or Quol f loogu. against the VUoonti of 

 II. afterward* entered Into a war against Venice, but wai 



obUnd tooonelode bomUiuinc peace, and to send hii ion to Venice 

 tolBM* apology. In IS78 be joined the Genoese in their attack 

 fab** Venkirrby which UM republic WM brought to the brink of 

 rate, iiOTMiniMtlrm which Franeeeeo wma detenu bod to effect, but 

 wbieh WM prevented by UM patriotiam of the ciUwni of Venice, and 

 by the thnrly arrival ofCarlo Zeoo with hi. Muadron. In 1381 peace 

 wai node. A freah quarrel of Franceeco with Antonio della Scala of 

 Vvroeta, Ud to an alliance of Francesco with Gian Oaleaxzo Vuconti, 

 who, after taking Verona, turned round again* hii ally, took Padua 

 and Tnviea, arreeted Kranomco in 1888. and kept him prisoner till hii 

 death at Moua in 13*3. Francesco da Carrara wu intimate with 

 Petnroh. wbo apeak* of him in hie work.. 



fleam IB II, eallrd Novello, after hii father's imprisonment 

 Miil.isil M an emigrant about Italy and France, begging for asiiit- 

 aoee to recover hi. father's territories, and at last he re-entered Padua 

 hi 1SWL Having made peace with Visconti, he repaired to Venice, 

 bwe, hi preunns of the eenate, he expreued his gratitude for the 

 aaaietenee which he bed received from the republic during hit struggle 

 again** VUeooti. swore perpetual friendship to Venice, and had his 

 name ineeribed in UM golden book in the roll of the patricians. He 

 bowe i broke hit word, and loot thereby his territory, and wu taken 

 prisoner to Venice, where he wu strangled with two of hii ions, in 

 tbe iliinfi'ii* of the ducal palace, in 1406, according to the barbarous 

 practice of UM Venetian senate in thoeo times. Venice took possession 

 of Padna, Trevieo, and UM other territories of the Carrara. Many 

 yean after, the laet remaining son of Fnnceeco, named Manilio, having 

 formed a cooapiracy to recover poeeeouon of Padua, WM Mixed and 

 pat to dseJh hi 1435. 



(LitU, Famifli, OtUbri Italian; Sendi, ftorva Cirilt di Ycnezia ; 

 Temrio, Yim t'ammnuiiwt Prieipum ad am*. 1355 ; Verci. Gian- 

 liUlTi^. JN'erww Sltritt gmmltyidtt dj Sigmtri da Carrara ; Ticozxi, 

 FieMi At Hater /Venesen f/ovtUo da Carrara, Stgnor di Padova e di 

 TWeW f AM M OtmiorU, Milan, 18S3. This lost is a kind of 



bietorioal novvl of UM winderingi of Franoeaoo II., after hii father i 



) 



ARM 



AND NICOLAS, wai born at Rouen, on the 8th 

 of Ataroat 1800. He wai the ion of a draper in good circumstance. 

 in that city. At the age of seventeen be joined a regiment of cavalry, 

 and the following year entered the military school of St-Cyr. HU 

 political opinion Dad already taken the ihape of principle!, and theie 

 were eo liberal, and to frankly enunciated, aa to draw upon him, 



the friendly remooetnnee, and aftenrardi the censure of the governor, 

 General d'Albignac. who wee entirely devoted to the court At the 

 etoee of 1819 he WM nude eeoond lieutenant of the 29th regiment of 

 infantry, which wa* lent to the garrison of Bcfort in 1821. The con- 

 nlriny which been the name or thia town, and hai become historical, 

 broke oat in UM following January, and Carrel wu one of the many 

 drawn within ite vortex. But thii time he wai neither 



BpeJn bring invaded in 18S3 by the French army under the Duke 

 of Anfooleme, Carrel took part with the Conititutionaluta, and 

 foot** nnder Mine. "Some time after," may. hii friend the hutorian 

 tUbbe, " be wee ooe of the Frenchmen who were obliged to Uy down 

 Ibeir ami nod rarreoder after the capitulation of Leri in Catalonia ; 

 bat late eanHeJeUeo not having been ratified by the French govern- 

 ment, he wee meted on hi. return to France, and tried by three 

 ..... "i" eonrte-martial." After being twice eentenced to death, and 

 twice eaaiatec through legal informaUtiti. and lufferiog thirteen 

 OttW imprUomeat, be waa tried a third time at Toulouie, and, 

 Mng aequitud, he retorned to Parii in 182S almort ponnilee., having 



which hii early 

 ed by Augu.tin 



, . the Normai,' 



net hie eeeretery. and be took notei end made extract! for the 

 teet volume of that celebrated work. Introduced to the leading pub- 



veral 'UommeV or outline! of 



ng aequtu, e retorne ai n S amort pon 



leeed efaimt Urn for ever that profeuion of ami to w 

 year, bed been devoted. Shortly after, be wai engaged 

 hk*iy, the anthorof the 'Cono.ue.tof Z***Ab$ t 



tfcben by Thierry, 



aWteeM e.mit .._... !, 

 n>WWy MM UVW I 



Ume. Bet bb keen 



iof tb. 



II. Mt Thierry, and 



now wrote Mveral . _, ^^^^.^^ ^ 



notice among the literary celebrities of the 

 eoeptibtlity could not endure even the gentle 

 nploTer. M he raeolved to try hii fortune alone, 

 himself for several months by con 



It wai In llin little parlour behind 



PP~d. with Thien, 

 Thta jounialtook at onoe a meet 



decided courae of oppoaition to the government of Cbarle* X., and 

 ihowed on advocacy equally distinct in favour of the Duke of Orleani, 

 afterward! Louu Philippe : whence aroee a sunpicioii, probably ground- 

 leu, that the prince had fumiihed the capital. When the Polignac 

 nuni.try inued the fatal ordinance! of July, Carrel itood forward and 

 wrote the 6nt declaration of renitance 10 the ' National ,' and the 

 next morning appeared Uie spirited protest, which waa univer :illy 

 distributed, and called the nation to arms. " Carrel did not," sayi 

 Louil Blanc, " miug!e in the ranki of the combatant! as one of the 

 fightem, but he went about to the different groups, with a black 

 switch in hii hand, laying to them, ' Voui n'avez qu'un bataillon ' 

 (' You have only one battalion ')." He did not believe that a popular 

 outbreak could succeed against regular soldier*, and hii two previous 

 condemnation! explain hii reluctance to act rashly. 



His two colleagues being employed by the new government, from 

 that time until his deplorable death in 1836, Carrel took up a position 

 as a journalist, such as no man in any country had won before. 

 During the short but powerful administration of Casimir Pcrrier in 

 1833, his spirit proved too strong for the government, and a new 

 stretch of arbitrary power wai prevented. Subsequently he wu pro- 

 eecuted by the crown, and heavy penalties levied on his jounnl. He 

 was several times imprisoned. On one occasion he spoke aa advocate 

 for a fellow-prisoner in the Chamber of Peers, when he startled the 

 whole country by his invocation of the memory of Marshal 

 After this his name wai on every tongue, and he became the idol of 

 the popular party. 



But the well-balanced mind of this writer was not made for either 

 extreme : he resisted the despotism of government ; but he shrunk 

 still more from revolutionary violence. Surrounded by all the fretful 

 spirit* of the day, he gauged the different parties which were forming, 

 and found that he did not belong to thorn. This sad conviction 

 preyed upon his heart " He shuddered," says a recent historian, 

 " to lee himself at the head of certain men whose very obedience wai 

 rude and imperative ; he distrusted their zeal, and ascribed to them 

 a longing for vengeance, and a pre-determined despotism, which his 

 own moderation disclaimed." This despondency became gradually 

 habitual, and, in such a state of mind, Carrel wai too easily drawn 

 into that unhappy newspaper quarrel with Kmile de Girnrdin, the 

 editor of the ' Preise,' which led to the duel that so abruptly closed 

 bis career. Mortally wounded by a pistol-shot, he expired at St- 

 Mande, on the 24th of July 1836, in his thirty-sixth year. Arago, 

 lieranger, Cornemin, and a crowd of distinguished deputies and 

 writers followed him to the grave. His bust, by the sculptor David, 

 marks the spot where he lios ; but aa yet no competent biography of 

 this remarkable man has appeared. 



(Rabbe, Univertal Biography ; Louis Blanc, Ten Yeari ; Gafc'riY det 

 Contcmporaint llltalrct.) 



('.MISTAKES, WILLIAM, a Scottish ecclesiastic, distinguished for 

 his political exertions in furtherance of the Revolution settlement, was 

 born at Cathcart, near Glasgow, on the llth of February 1649. His 

 father was the Rev. John Carstares, minister of the High Church, 

 Glasgow, who, like his ion, but in a less degree and with less diplomatic 

 capacity, took a lively share iu the ecclesiastico-political movements 

 of his time ; offered a violent opposition to Cromwell's schemes of 

 general toleration, and suffered by the prevalence of his own principles 

 of clerical coercion during the persecutions of the Covenanters umlrr 

 Charles II. (See ' Notices of the Life of the Rev. John Carstares,' by 

 the Rev. William Feme.) William Cat-stores acquired the rudiments 

 of his education in a neighbouring village school, and afterwards 

 studied in the University of Edinburgh. He appears to have become 

 in early life not only an accomplished scholar, but an accurate observer 

 of men. During a great portion of the latter end of the reign of 

 Charles IL ho lived in Holland, and studied theology at Utrecht, :> i . 

 he is supposed to have token orders. Accident introduced him to th" 

 notice of the pensionary Fagel, who, finding in the young clergyman 

 great sagacity and self-reliance, and a knowledge of the political 

 institutions of his own country seldom equalled at his early years, 

 recommended him to his muter, the Prince of Orange, afterwards 

 William HI., who, anxious to have about his person individuals 

 acquainted with the politics of Britain, chose young Carstares as one of 

 hii confidential advisers ; and events justified the selection. The time 

 of hu return to Britain is not precisely known. Ho wu iu London in 

 1682, and wu more or less connected with the projects on which the 

 proaeootions in connection with the Rye-house and a-nassination plots 

 were founded. There is reason to presume that he wu the medium 

 of communication between the court of Holland and some of the 

 partiei prepared for insurrection. He wa*, at all events, in the secret* 

 of the Argyll) party in Scotland, and the key to a cipher through 

 which Aivyle and Momuouth corresponded wu found to be in his 

 handwriting. A warrant to apprehend him wu issued, and he was 

 discovered attempting to conceal himself in Kent Sufficient evidence 

 could not be obtained to bring him to trial in Kngland, and he nurd 

 out a writ of habeas oorpus, which was defeated by sending him to 

 Scotland, where the practice of torture still remained a stain on the 

 administration of justice. In the presence of thu Privy Council of 

 Scotland he wu luujected to the torture of the ' thumbigen,' or thumb- 

 crew, which ho bora with great fortitude, refuting to divulge the 

 ! i. Ii. B)M -.1'' .'. :,'ly |,i- t .-,.|it ( '<l Ijy thr Privy 



