

CASTRUOCIO CA8TOACANI. 



CATHAIUNA II. 



116 



f his xarthi rsk mythoiocy, and U wa. reuMrkably SUOCM* 

 fssV ** aih*r hi* nwn. to itfl. h. poblUW. at H*Utnffon, a 

 lr-l-1 bto awidUk, ! ih* motr* of UM original, of UM groat 

 nsjMih POM. ' KaUval*,- UM dlasorary of which by Dr. L.,nurot, 

 ho ftrrt wted part of U down from UM Up* of UM peauntry, ha. 

 nuJ. a poeh in UM hirtory of FinniJi literature. It WM thi* trans- 

 it*, that ant brooch* UM po*m toto g~*ral notion and. certainly 



,' M> dUoowy of UM kind, real or 



MHO*. -Hi. 



aa aqttal isMOlna, Hiawatha,' UM reomt poim 

 iVrfiMQr Uotf'Uow. though purporting to b* ap *mbodim*nt of th* 

 traditioM of UM Korth <mrinsn Indiant, I* borrowed from the 

 Kal*T*U- to iUMMralstyU, U iU peculiar metre, an I ev.n in m 

 f it* more pr.mto*M >' Soon after iu publication Caotren 

 MtMte.hU third philolocioal joarn*y, which app**n to hav* b**Q 

 ad* to Mi oalMt at UM XDOIM* of Dr. Lunnrot, and afterwards at 

 thai of UM BSIMMJ AoadMuy of 8*i*no*s. It took him flret to hit 



old qiawten at Eaara, UMB to Kola, UM capital of Rowian LaplanJ, 

 a*d finally to UM Samoyed* on UM *oa*t of th* White Sea. Here, 

 with only tftoM rohU* to k*p him from starvation, h* (truck np an 

 naaalasaaw with *ome of UM **vage Bamoytdj, or cannibals, on* of 

 whoa for aa ornaeinnsl gUas of brandy undertook to teach him the 

 8*oy*d harms ; and in th* but of thi. man h* pa*Md nearly the 

 what* of a Mmwr, eajcand to UM *tody. Towards th* end of hi* 

 travel*, which lasted four yean, from 1845 to 184, h* cro**ed th* 

 Tundra*, or ilsnrti of European Roacia, b*tw*cn the White Sea and 

 UM Ural, where not even UM rein-deer can front the wintry bla*t and 

 U**, Philology ha* iu martyr* a. well a* religion. Castrtn returned 

 with LU eosMUtation raiMd. 



Whfl** hi* trawl, h* had wiHten most interesting and animated 

 fatten ooMriptiv* of hi* adventures and disooverie*, which were 

 printed to UM ' Saomi/an *xecll*nt periodical in the Swedish language 

 pqhlUtml a* lUUingfon. Many oommunicationi from him on learned 

 (hi****, ehtoty written in Gorman, appeared at the same time in the 

 BalUtia of th* Academy of SotonoM' at St. Petersburg. On bU 

 ntora hi* nam* WM universally known as that of a philologist of the 

 ftmt rank, bat it wu not till March 1851, on the occasion of a visit of 

 UM Grand Dak* Alexander, th* present Emperor of Russia, to the 

 Uaivmity of H*l*ingfors, that h* was raised from the position of a 

 utliat duosut,' or private tutor, to that of professor of the Finnish 

 and aid Saaadiaavian Ungnage*. One of his dntie* WM to deliver a 

 ewsn* of Ifoton* on Finnith mythology, which he immediately com- 

 MtMad eosapostaf, bat brfor* they oould be finished ha WM no more. 

 H* 4tod at rUWafton *o th* Tlh of May 1868, from the effects of liU 

 svsvjo*ad jouf u*y. 



Tb. traaalation of UM Kalevala,' and aome of CasWn's other 

 worka, h*v twso alr**dy nMatiood. HU lectures, ' Vorlosungen Uber 

 Ktonuoh* Mytholofi*,' were puWubed in German at St Petersburg 

 U ISM oadw UM *ditonUp of SchUfner. A German version of his 

 tnv*t* by H*!OM WM pnblUb*d at Leipaig in 1853, and analysed at 

 ooMUocthmUM'QttarUrly lUri.w.' His other work* were mostly 

 of a hiUlnfUal shanXsr : EUmenta Ora-ntnaticcs ToheramUcn,' 

 Koopio. 114*. 8vo; EUmrate OrammatioM Syrjanw,' HeUingfor., 

 1M4, *vo; 'D* atflxU nenoaaliba* linguarum Aluioarum,' HeUring- 

 for*. ISM, tto. Then, is alo an Ostiak Grammar in German, forming a 

 portton of a work called NordUch* Rciwn nnd Fonchungen,' which 

 WM inmainriil at St. P*a*ihufg to 184. It need hardly be added 

 that all UMM work* are of tb* highest value to thote who take an 

 totenrt to what U oalUd UM Ugrian family of languages, comprising 

 UM nBM*h. UM HoanrUn. th* SyryanUn, and other dialect* Mattered 

 over UM Mrfasw of Eafopoa BnasJa, to inveMigate which WM the 

 obUct of Oasir**)'* devoted exertion*. It U much to be regretted for 

 UM *ak* of kanstoc * well a. on other aocounU, that he WM snatched 

 away before b* had tim* to oomnranioate to th* world the results of 

 hU daaattoi* and t-yejltm Uboura. 



CAHTKU CCIO CASTRACA'.VI WM bora at Lucca about th* year 

 Ittt. HU fMBUjr MOM WM Intermin.il,, but h* assumed tint of 

 ^"*i"t hU adoptiosj tote UM family of that name, which WM 

 of th* pHsMtpal of Loeea. Wh h* WM twenty yean of age ho 

 vUtted EsMjUd. where *om* of th* InUrniin.lli, who had been exiled 

 from L*MM M OUhtttM*. had Mtttod, and bad acquired wealth by 

 *n4.x CostnMio WM admitted Into the court of Edward L, and 



*aU by bU'valeor 

 Md joined UM Ohil 



I to UM arrnU* of that prino*. bat having killed in a quarrel a 

 of th. ooort, h* WM obiigod to IMV, England forVUndcn. 

 i king of Franc*, and greatly 

 and abilitU*. About ills he 

 UnM of PUa, whom b* ajstetod 

 . Bat Ugoccioo* d*lla Faninola, 

 . . rrf UMPh.si.and aMfarof fortaaa, having mad. hi.nself 



- ^T^f y^ *"* q> *"""*' "rto prUon. In 1318 

 f both Pisa and Looea drove away Uguooione, and 



1", proclaimed him 

 m, and brave, etever 



_... , 



"*;' >'". -l IM atronrhwed hiouelf i. hi. i-Uce by 

 romoTla^ 17 to or fo^inUM, all thoe. who were Ul-di^W tow.nl. 



l.-h 



of Cardona, a Utalonian 



nirrjc-nary ohiaf, in S*pt<inbrr i:U.">. He tliou joiuo.1 the 

 Ghibeline leaden in inviting the Emperor Louis of Bavaria to march 

 into Italy and oompUU the .ubjugation of the Guelpha. The emperor 

 cam*, and Cutruccio booam* hi. chief advisor. In 1327 Louis reduced 

 Piaa, and then proceeded with Caatruooio to Rome, which he entered 

 by force, and WM crowned in the Vatican by the bi.hopa of Venice 

 and Aleria in January 1328, notwithstanding the excommunication* 

 of the pope John XXII. Ca*truooio wi made Count Palatine. H 

 had already boon acknowledged by the emperor as Duk* of Lucca, 

 Putoja, Volterra, and Lmiigiaua, lie aimed at uniting all Tu.oany 

 under hi. sway, and oitabliahing at the samo time tbo supremacy of 

 the emperor over all Italy, according to the principles of the Ghiboliiie 

 party. While at Home h. received intelligence that the Florentine* 

 had *urpri*od Putoja, upon which he immediately returned to Tuscany, 

 and on his way mad* himself master of Pun, and beiieged and took 

 Pistoja, notwithstanding all the effort* of the Florentines to relieve 

 tb* place. His exertions during the siege brought on an illneai of 

 which he died, 3rd of September 1323, at forty-five yean of age. His 

 death relieved Florence of one of it* most dangerous enemies, and 

 gave at the same time a fatal blow to the Qhibeline party in Italy. 

 Hi* children were driven away from Lucca iu the following year. 

 Caitruecio is admitted by Italian hi.torians to have been one of the 

 few Italian chiefs of the middle age* whose idM soared beyond the 

 narrow circle of municipal ambition, and who entertained enlarged 

 view, for consolidating all Italy into one system. HU military tactics, 

 tha Mcresy of hi. plan*, and the quickness of their execution, are also 

 highly extolled. The life of Caatruooio by Machiavelli i. more a 

 romance than a real biography. Aldo Manuxio the younger has 

 written ' Le Attioni di Cutruccio Castracani, Signore di Luce i 

 Itoma, 1590, a good work. Tegrimi of Lucca has written the life of 

 Caitruccio, Modena, 1496, and Paris, 1546 : it is also printed in vol xi. 

 of Muratori, < Iterum ItaL Soriptores.' Slamondi, ' Histoire dea 

 Ui'publiijue. Italiennes,' a work however decidedly hostile to the 

 Ghibelines in general, may be consulted. 

 CATHARINA L, of Russia. [PKTKHTHK CHEAT.] 

 CATHAJUNA II., ALKXIKWNA, born in 1729, was the daughter 

 of the Prince of Anhalt Zerbst, governor of Stettin in Prussian Pome- 

 rauia. Her name was Sophia Augusta von Anhalt. She married in 

 1745 her cousin Charles Frederic, duke of Hulstein Gottor|>, whom 

 hu aunt the emprei* Elisabeth of Rusein had chosen for her HUC- 

 cessor, having made him Grand Duke of Russia. In adopting tho 

 Greek communion he took the name of Peter, afterwards Peter III., 

 anil his consort that of Cathnrina Alexiewna. It wan an ill-aworted 

 and unhappy match. Catliarine was handsome, fond of pleasure, and 

 at the same time clever, ambitious, bold, and nnprinciplt'1. ll>-i 

 husband, althoujb not destitute of good qualities, was greatly inferior 

 to her in abilities, and WM irresolute and imprudent In consequence 

 of many disagreements with big wife, as aoon as he came to the throne 

 by the death of the cmpreis Elizabeth, he talked of repudiating 

 Catharine, who was then living in retirement at Peterhop, a country 

 residence near St. Petersburg. She on her part determined to antici- 

 pate him by a bolder movement. A confederacy was formed in which 

 several noblemen, officers, and ladies joined ; the regiments of the 

 garrison were gained by bribes and promises; the emperor wiu 

 arrested, and Catharine was proclaimed sole empress of all the Russias, 

 Peter having been induced to sign an act of abdication in July 1762. 

 Six days after, the principal conspirators, fearing a reaction in the 

 army which might prove fatal to them, went to Ropscha, where Peter 

 was kept in arrest, and wbilo drinking with him, fell suddenly upon 

 him and strangled him. It does not appmr that Catharine actually 

 ordered the murder; but after it was done she showed no sorrow, an.l 

 she continued her favour to the murderers. In a proclamation which 

 she issued it was said that the emperor had died of the colic. Catha- 

 rine was solemnly crowned at Moscow in 1762. We shall not enter 

 on the profligacy of her subsequent private life, and the scandalous 

 chronicles of her court : these matters have been treated with the 

 utmost minuteness by most of her biographers, and especially by 

 Castera. Wo shall here speak not of the woman but of the sovereign, 

 and record tho principal acts of her long reign, which was a most 

 Important one for Russia and for Europe. In 1763, on the death of 

 the weak and indolent Augustus III., king of Poland, that country 

 being in a state of exhaustion and confusion, Catharine, by bribing 

 part of the electors and terrifying tho rest, procured tho election of 

 one of her favourites, Ponlatowski, who was chosen king under the 

 name of StanUlaus Augustus. Having accomplished this, she brgan 

 to interfere in the internal concerns of that kingdom, whoso wretched 

 constitution, with its elective crown, turbulent nobility, serf popula- 

 tion, and intolerant clergy, afforded her ample opportunities. In fact, 

 some of the parties in Poland courted her support, as they had been 

 in the habit of courting that of her predecessors and of tho other 

 neighbouring state* for age* before. 



The Dissident* of Poland, which was the name given to those who 

 did not follow the Roman Catholic religion, including both Protestant* 

 and followers of the Greek Church, were placed upon an equal footing 

 with the Catholic* by tho Pacta Conventa of 1578, confirmed by tho 

 treaty of peace of Oliva in 1660. Since this last epoch howov. 

 Catholic*, being the majority among the high nobility, had gradually 

 excluded the Dissidents from tbo Diet, and annoyed them in other 



