CATTKRMOUt OBOROK. 



CATCLLUS, CAIUS VALERIU& 



111 



from Ml Jny thw q.Mhis.iiii with th. language, ">.! what 

 UeVarived 6^ U*saMalMpuo*aubo4h Oxford and Cambridge. 



tt after barb* vtfa soojfat 



b* waultd. be recovered hi. 

 him by aa old ilibimtrt, He 



be manWda lady named Val 



At l**tt after barb* vtfa soojfat reUs* from all the medical men 

 ultd. be recovered hi. blth by mean* of powder 



It wM 



ow removed to Middleburg. 

 _ Valknburg. by whom h. bad flve 

 j tU* part of hi* lUe-tb* on* which b. after- 

 ward*, amid UM toil* aad deputies of offloa, aeknowUdged to have 

 b*oa by br UM most eoviabl* portion of it-that be produoed hi* 

 Emblsm* ' tad ' HpUgel van den Oudeo o KWnwen Tijd.' But the 

 war which broke oat la 1611 compelled him to quit Mi.ldlabuix and 

 tor*aVUaiUMHague. After being mad* pensionary of Dordrecht, 

 fa IOS. k*.d*sp*ab*donan*mbaiy to England in 1647, when 

 h* WM kmcfated by CbarUs I. About nin* varslater h* was elevated 

 to UM dignity of pOBeionary of Holland, which he retained till 1651, 

 aad m UM following jrear again cam* over to England on an embassy 

 to Cromwell, although be would fain hare excused himself from the 



i Hague, that tranquillity 



signed. It wai hr that, at an age exceeding threescore and 

 y **ver*l year*. b* rammed hit literary and poetical pursuits, 

 composed hi* ' Buitaoleren ' (' Country Life '), and numerous other 

 production., eamtftrttag th* principal bulk of hi* works. Thus use- 

 folly, a* well a* inaoreouy employed, he continued to enjoy life, while 

 b looked forward to death without appraheoion, till he expired 

 calmly, September 12th, 10, ibortly before he completed his eighty- 



iMf si 

 tea by 

 and co 



Gate's popularity with hi* countrymen WM for a long period greater 

 than that of any other of their pott* ; and by them he ia even now 

 familiarly yet agectfanaUly ttylod Vader Cats. UU popularity was 

 derived from other meriU than usually accompany more brilliant 

 tea. HU work* may be regarded ai a fund- of moral instruction 

 far all ranks and ago, and as a vast store-house of didactic precepts 

 sad examples applicable to almost all the varying circumstances of life. 

 take* any eleratd flights; on the contrary, his poetical 



atak into UM mean and vulgar. It is for the most part marked by a 

 naivete 1 of thought and expression, and by a simplicity, which are 

 hennailag aad agieeabl. enough. He frequently exhibits however 

 striking originality and felicity of idea*. Like his diction, his versi- 

 fication i* eay though rather monotonous, and appears to have flowed 

 from hi* pen without effort; and he certainly did much towards 

 refining aad improving hi* native tongue, imparting to it greater 

 freedom aad pliancy. But with him manner was only secondary and 

 subsidiary to matter; hi* aim was not so much to shine as to instruct; 

 aad it is In UM character of a moral teacher that he is chiefly to be 

 viewed. HU lemon* are thoee of practical wisdom and virtue, appli- 

 cable to UM daily concerns of life. He addressed himself to the many, 

 and tb*r can be no doubt that his works have been largely influential 

 for good, and all the better calculated to attain their end by combining 

 ntrrtamment with moral instruction. At the same time he is not 

 exempt from UM charge of prolixity and excess. At the present day 

 both his language and manner have become somewhat antiquated ; 

 aad accordingly he I* now more praised than read. 



CATTKKMULK, QEORQE, born in 1800, at Dickleburgh in 

 Norfolk, b OB* of th* most powerful and original of tho Knglinh 

 school of painters in watewsolours. His earliest drawings were made, 

 we believe, for MOM of Mr. Britten's architectural publications, and 

 ehnloal (kill b* thus obtained ha* been turned to good account 

 '-nportent later works. His pictures, though mosUy semi 



hi Us i 



historical or poetical, embrace a wide range of subject*: many of 

 them ar* iUut*raUv* of the more striking scenes of Scott'* novels ; 

 maoy ar* token from Shalupere'i plays : others represent subsidiary 

 fhnmrtauus* connected with Kuglish hUtory, like hi* 'Sir M'nltcr 

 Raleigh wnnsrning th* Kxecntion of the Earl of Essex in the Tower;' 

 tjker* again, like hit great picture of 'Luther at the Diet of Spiers,' 

 UMstrate more Important historical evenU; some, like 'The Horn of 

 KgremootCaMU,' are from text, furnished by the poet*; and a large 



knight* in armour, or old cavalier and commonwealth soldiers in buff 

 mf DTWtDlates, or monk* in th.ir refectories or reading in some 

 y old chamber, or (Ilk* hi* 'Salvator Rom ') brigands in their 

 - h* paints i* marked by striking originality 



of 



bis 



_.___ 



'V^'"" ""Uon. He painU in a manner quite 

 *ors on a ooarse rough paper in a bold, free, 



, , 

 > Oln **to>e with considerable looseness 



.rt.alTr.Ul. UM -^^UVmerite th^ 

 rir peculsaritM*. For a loaf mrl** of years Mr. Catt 



- . by 

 _j Cattermole's pic- 



.. tho exhibitions of the 



in W ater Colour* ; but nfter for three or four 

 contributing only a f.w small paintings, he In 1858 ceased to 



be a member of the society, and his works have since been seldom 

 ten in public exhibition-rooms. He now paints chiefly in oil. To 

 the general public Mr. Cattermole is perhaps best known by the series 

 of design, engraved for the * History of the Civil Wars,' by his brother 

 the Rev. R. Cattermole. 



CATULLUS, CAIUS VALK'RIUS, sometime*, but erroneously, 

 called QUINTUS VALERIUS CATULLUS, wo* born at Verona, 

 aa 87, about seventeen years before Virgil and twenty-two before 

 Horace. His father Valerius was of a respectable municipal family 

 in that city, and lived in habits of intimacy with C. Julius Cassar, 

 who appears, when his affairs led him to visit or pass through Cis- 

 alpine Qaul, to have taken up his abode at the house of Valerius. 

 Catullus left his paternal roof at an early age for Rome, where ho 

 plunged into dissipation and extravagance, mortgaged his estate, and 

 fell into great poverty. His pecuniary misfortunes do not seem to 

 have broken his spirit or abated his good humour. He laughs off bis 

 mortgage with a pun, and jokes on his poverty with the utmost 

 indifference. However, to improve his fortune, he, together with his 

 brother, accompanied the praetor Memmius (the same to whom 

 Lucretius dedicated his immortal poem) to Bithynia. This expedition, 

 as respects the object our poet had in view, was completely unsuccess- 

 ful. He returned as poor as he went, and on his voyage home had the 

 additional misfortune to lose his brother, to whom he was affectionately 

 attached, and who died on the coast of Troy. The death of his brother 

 he deplores on more than one occasion in bis works with great pathos, 

 and in a style of natural and genuine feeling. The voyage from Bithy- 

 nia home was performed by sea in a small open pinnace, called a 

 phaseius, an undertaking which strongly shows the poet's courage and 

 perseverance. A voyage of that length, from its commencement in, 

 the Enxine to its termination on the shores of the Lake Itenacus, in 

 so fragile a bark, satisfactorily proves that Catullus was not deficient 

 in at least one Roman virtue a contempt of danger. He concluded 

 this arduous enterprise by ascending the Po, and finally by tho Min- 

 clus reached the promontory of Sennio on Lake Benacus. On this 

 promontory, where he appears to have poasemed some property, he 

 dedicated his little bark to Castor and Pollux in some verses which 

 have been much admired. From the time of his return from Bithynia 

 he continued to reside mostly at Home, pursuing his pleasures, though 

 living, as we collect from his writings, in poverty. From the same 

 sources we derive the information that he possessed estates both in 

 the Sabine country and at Sirmio, probably of little value. 



His chief or only patron wo* Manlius Torquatus, on whose marriage 

 with Julia he wrote his ' Carmen Nuptiale.' Notwithstanding hia 

 poverty, ho lived in intimacy with all tho men of talent of his day, 

 among whom were Cicero, Cornelius Nepos, Liciuius C.ilvus the orator, 

 Asinius Pollio, Varus, Cornificius, C;elius of Verona, Hortolu*, Ctcci- 

 lius, and others. Cicero is supposed by some to have pleaded a cause 

 for him ; good critics however deny or doubt the fact Judging from 

 his writings and the freedom with which he indulges in satire, without 

 regard to the rank, power, or wealth of the object of it, we may fairly 

 pronounce that Catullus possessed a lofty independent spirit His 

 boldest flight was against Julius Cassar, even in the plenitude of hia 

 power. He lashed his extravagance and his partiality for Mamurra 

 with unsparing severity. For this however he afterwards apologised ; 

 and the generous conqueror invited the poet to his table on the same 

 day, and still continued his intercourse with his father Valerius. 



Of all the poet's favourites, Clodio, who appears under the feigned 

 name of Lesbia, seems to have enjoyed the greatest shore of his affec- 

 tion and of the effusions of his muse. His lines on the death of 

 Lesbia's sparrow ore perhaps as well known and as often quoted or 

 alluded to as any verses he ever wrote. In his day Catullus bore the 

 character of a learned person, and the epithet ' doctus' is frequently 

 applied to his name in the various testimonials which have reached us 

 of bis fame and merits. This he perhaps obtained from his knowledge 

 of the Oreek language, and from tho translations he made of some of 

 the ode* of Sappho and the poem* of Callimachus. 



A considerable part of the writings of Catullus is supposed to be 

 lost He died, according to some, at the age of forty or thereabout ; 

 according to others he attained the advanced age of seventy-one. The 

 latter opinion i* combated at great length, and very successfully, by 

 Bayle in his 'Historical and Critical Dictionary.' The concurrent 

 testimony of all the men of wit and learning of his own and after 

 times establishes his character as a man of first-rate talents and a true 

 poet He possessed a brilliant imagination, and clothed his thought* 

 in the beet language. His style is easy and unaffected ; ho is always 

 free from conceit or bombast ; his lines are full of sweetness and 

 harmony. In hia playful moods he has many touches of humour, and 

 i* always entertaining and agreeable. When pathetic, his feelings aru 

 natural and unrestrained. Many of bis thoughts have been borrowed 

 by subsequent writers. He fell into the vice of his age, and several 

 of his pieces are degraded by the most obscene ideas couched in the 

 most revolting expressions. The only palliation for this oOence that 

 can be offered is the manners of the times, when the grossest violations 

 of propriety were overlooked, if not encouraged, by those whose power, 

 wealth, and influence enabled them to sot the fashion. 



His longest and most beautiful poem is the ' Kpithalamium of 

 Peleus and Thetis.' It ha* been objected to this piece that the author, 

 immediately after ite commencement, digresses into on episode longer 



